CB I 

> Water-Supply and Irrigation Paper No. 159 



Sftrifi«? / ^' Descriptive Geology, 90 
£>eries ^ ^^ Underground Waters, 56 



DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

CHARLES D, WALCOTT, Director 



SUMMARY 



OF THE 



UroEEGROUND- WATER RESOUfiCES 
OF MISSISSIPPI 



BY 



A. F. OKI33ER and L. C. JOHlSrSOlSr 




WASHIKGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1906 




Class. 



G^/02S 



Book 'MjCs 






Water-supply and Irrigation Paper No. 159 Senes ' I ^^Z^^ 



\ 0, Underground Waters, 56 



DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

UNITED STATES GP:OLOGICAL SURVEY 

CHARLES D. WALCOTT, Director 



fi 



SUMMARY 



OF THE 



UTOERGROMD- WATER RESOURCES 
OF MISSISSIPPI 



BY 



A. F. CRIDET^ and L. C. JOH]^SON 



WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1906 

Co ky a- 



'•J- 



o 






AUG Zl 1906 
0. ofD. 






"^ CONTENTS. 



Pag-e. 

Introduction - 1 

General water conditions in Mississippi . 1 

Field work. - 1 

Geography. - - - 2 

Topography 2 

Tennessee River hills — . ,2 

Tombigbee Valley or Northeast Prairie 2 

North-central plateau 2 

Yazoo Delta - 3 

Jackson prairies 3 

Long-leaf-pine hills 3 

General geology 4 

Stratigraphy 1 4 

Description of formations 6 

Devonian 6 

Carboniferous 6 

Cretaceous 6 

Tuscaloosa formation 6 

Eutaw formation 7 

Selma chalk 7 

Ripley formation 8 

Tertiary 8 

Midway group 8 

Clayton limestone 8 

Porters Creek clay 8 

Wilcox formation 9 

Claiborne group 9 

Tallahatta buhrstone 9 

Lisbon formation 10 

Jackson formation 10 

Vicksburg limestone ^ 11 

Pascagoula formation 11 

Grand Gulf formation 11 

Lafayette formation 12 

Quaternary : 13 

Port Hudson formation 13 

Fossiliferous loess 13 

Yellow loam 13 

Recent alluvium 13 

Underground-water resources 14 

Source of underground waters 14 

Rainfall 14 

Disposal of rainfall J". . 15 

HI 



IV CONTENTS. 

Underground-water resources — Continued. Page. 

Depth of penetration of water 15 

Capacity of materials to hold water 16 

Rate of percolation 16 

Ground-water divisions 16 

Ground-water table , 16 

Recovery of underground waters 17 

Shallow waters 17 

Deep-seated waters 17 

Artesian requisites 17 

Special conditions in Coastal Plain formations 18 

Underground-water horizons of Mississippi 19 

Tuscaloosa-Eutaw horizon 20 

Catchment area 20 

Upper confining stratum 21 

Inclination of the beds 21 

Area of available artesian water 21 

Ripley horizon 21 

Catchment area 22 

Upper confining stratum 22 

Dip of the water-bearing stratum 22 

Area of available artesian water 22 

Wilcox horizon 22 

Catchment area 22 

Upper confining stratum 22 

Dip of the water-bearing stratum 23 

Area of available artesian water 23 

Claiborne horizon 23 

Catchment area 23 

Upper confining stratum 24 

Dip of the water-bearing stratum 24^ 

Area of available artesian water 24 

Pascagoula horizon 24 

Grand Gulf horizon 24 

Catchment area 25 

Upper confining stratum 25 

Dip of the water-bearing stratum 25 

Area of available artesian water 25 

Lafayette horizon — - 26 

Catchment area 26 

Upper confining stratum 26 

Dip of the water-bearing stratum 27 

Area of available artesian water 27 

Notes on wells of Mississippi, by counties - 27 

Adams County - 27 

Alcorn County - 27 

Amite County - 27 

Attala County 27 

Benton County - 27 

Bolivar County 28 

Calhoun County 28 

Carroll County 28 

Chickasaw County 28 

Choctaw County 28 



CONTENTS. V 

Undorground-water rosourccs — Continued. rage 

Notes on wells of Mississippi, by eounties — Continued. 

Claiborne County 28 

Clarke County 28 

Clay County 29 

Coahoma County 29 

Copiah County 29 

Covington County 30 

De Soto County - 30 

Franklin County 30 

Greene County — 30 

Grenada County 30 

Hancock County 30 

Harrison County 31 

Hinds County. . 31 

Holmes County 31 

Issaquena County 32 

Itawamba County 32 

Jackson County 32 

Jasper County 32 

Jefferson County 32 

Jones County 32 

Kemper County 32 

Lafayette County 32 

Lamar County 33 

Lauderdale County 33 

Lawrence County 33 

Leake County 33 

Lee County 33 

Leflore County 34 

Lincoln County , 34 

Lowndes County 34 

Madison County 34 

Marion County 35 

Marshall County 35 

Monroe County 35 

Montgomery County 35 

Neshoba County 35 

Newton County 36 

Noxubee County 36 

Oktibbeha County 36 

Panola County 36 

Pearl River County 36 

Perry County 36 

Pike County 36 

Pontotoc County 37 

Prentiss County 37 

Quitman County 37 

Rankm County 37 

Scott County 37 

Sharkey County 37 

Simpson County 38 

Smith County 38 

Sunflower County 38 



yr CONTENTS. 

Underground-water resources — Continued. Page. 

Notes on wells of Mississippi, by counties — Continued. 

Tallahatchie County . 38 

Tate County 38 

Tippah County. : 38 

Tishomingo County .' 38 

Tunica County 38 

Union County 38 

Warren County 1 38 

Washington County 38 

Wayne County 39 

Webster County 39 

Wilkinson County 39 

Winston County. . 39 

Yalobusha County 39 

Yazoo County 39 

Deep-well records in Mississippi 40 

Selected records in detail 60 

Sanitary aspect of wells ' 74 

Analyses - 76 

Index ' 81 



ILLUSTRATIONS 



P:»^e. 

Plate I. Geologic and contour map of Mississippi 4 

II; A, Outcrop of Selma chalk, the cap rock of the water-bearing Eutaw sands; 

B, Tallahatta buhrstone cap rock overlying loose siliceous sand 6 

III. A, Near view of white or gray siliceous sand phase of the upper part of the 
Jackson formation; B, Character of material and erosion and catchment 

conditions in Jackson sands 10 

IV.' A, Type of pump and method of attachment in pumping water by gasoline; 

J5, Apparatus for pumping water by horsepower 16 

V. Artesian-water map of Mississippi 20 

VI. A, Outfit for driving tubular wells; B, A common but highly dangerous well 

location near barns and outhouses, drainage toward well 74 

Fig. 1 . Rainfall map of eastern United States 14 

2. Relations of ground-water table to surface topography and to bed lock 17 

3. Sections showing certain conditions governing artesian wells 18 

4. Section illustrating thinning out of porous water-bearing bed. 18 

5. Section showing transition from porous lb impervious bed 18 

6. Section showing conditions favorable to flows from unconfihed sandy strata .. 18 

7. Section showing conditions governing artesian and shallow wells in the Coastal 

Plain formations :-":;:;. 18 

8. Cross section from Alabama to Mississippi River 19 

9 Cross section from West Point to Greenville , 19 

10. Cross section Irom Gattman to Fort Andrews 20 

11. Cross section from Scranton to Tennessee River 20 



SUMMARY OF THE UNDERGROUND-WATER RESOURCES 

OF MISSISSIPPI. 



By A. F. Crider and L. C. Johnson. 



INTRODUCTION. 

GENERAL WATER CONDITIONS IN MISSISSIPPI. 

The problem of obtaining potable water in sufficient quantities and at a minimum cost 
has long engaged the attention of scientific and practical men in both Europe and America. 
More recently the death of a large number of people from infectious diseases contracted 
by drinking contaminated surficial water has directed the attention of the general public 
to the necessity of seeking drinking water from some other source. 

In the Gulf Coastal Plain, of which Mississippi is a part, conditions are favorable for 
reducing to a minimum the death rate caused by drinking impure and unwholesome water. 
A study of the geologic conditions of the State shows that there is a great thickness of 
unconsolidated sands interbedded with water-tight clays which dip slightly to the south 
and west and form large underground reservoirs for the accumulation of water. The State 
has a heavy annual rainfall, which enters the upturned edges of the open-textured sands, 
collects in these wide reservoirs, and thus becomes available as well water when the over- 
lying strata are drilled through. Good deep-well water can be obtained over almost the 
entire State, and there are large areas in which under favorable conditions flowing wells 
are obtained. The dip of the strata is so regular and the water horizons are so numerous 
that the areas are small in which potable water can not be found at comparatively shallow 
depths. 

In most of the localities having flowing wells the supply seems adequate for all demands 
so far made upon it. The low cost of drilling wells in the Gulf embayment has made it 
possible for even the poorest to have plenty of good water. Railroads, cotton mills, 
sawmills, canning factories, and various public works have found the deep-well water 
cheaper and better than surficial water. Along the southern coast in the rice area water 
for irrigation is in many places obtained from artesian wells. 

FIELD WORK. 

The field work for this report was done by Messrs. L. C. Johnson and A. F. Crider. Mr. 
Johnson has been engaged for a number of years in geologic work in jVIississippi and Ala- 
bama for the Alabama Geological Survey, and later for the United States Geological Survey. 
The collection of well records in this report was to a great extent made by him. In the 
fall of 1904 Mr. Crider, under the supervision of Messrs. E. C. Eckel and M. L. Fuller, in 
charge of geology and water resources, respectively, collected further data on the geology 
and its relation to the underground waters of the State. The present report was pre- 
pared by Mr. Crider from the data obtained from these sources. Much valuable informa- 
tion was also obtained from owners of wells, drillers, and others interested in the work. 



2 UNDERGROUND-AVATER RESOURCES OF MISSISSIPPI. 

GEOGRAPHY. 

Mississippi occupies the central position of the States bordering on the Gulf of Mexico, 
with Alabama and Florida to the east and Louisiana and Texas to the west. It has a 
total area of 46,810 sqviare miles, with an extreme length from north to south of 330 miles 
and a maximum width of 188 miles. It has 85 miles of coast line on the Mississippi Sound 
and a water frontage of 500 miles on Mississippi River. 

The southern third of the State is largely covered with a fine growth of long-leaf yellow 
pine, which is being rapidly removed for lumber. There is still much valuable hard wood 
and short-leaf pine in the northern portion of the State. Besides the large areas of virgin 
timber, much land in the State that was in cultivation before the civil war has since been 
abandoned and now bears second-growth timber of a poorer quality, consisting princi- 
pally of short-leaf pine. 

TOPOGRAPHY. 

With the exception of a very small area in the northeast corner, the entire State of 
Mississippi lies in the Coastal Plain. There is a gentle slope southward and westward 
from the region of northern Mississippi, where the highest hills rise about 700 feet above 
sea level. 

The larger streams, such as the Tombigbee on the east and the Mississippi on the west, 
have cut out large valleys and have worn them down almost to base-level. The smaller 
streams have been constantly cutting back from the larger until there are but few undrained 
interstream areas. The configuration of the State, therefore, has been greatly changed, 
so that it can be separated into distinct topographic subdivisions. 

The prevailing unconsolidated material of the various geologic formations has affected 
the topography of the State but little. The rivers and smaller streams in many cases 
flow at right angles to the strike, thus cutting across the changing strata of the various 
formations. 

Tennessee River Mils. — The foothills of the Appalachian Plateau reach their south- 
western terminus in the northeast corner of Mississippi, near Tennessee River. The 
streams flowing into the Tennessee are short and have a steep gradient. They have thus 
cut deep channels into the older Carboniferous rocks, which stand out as high cliffs and 
form the most picturesque scenery of the State. 

The western side of the Tennessee River hills slopes more gently to the Tombigbee 
Valley. The elevation of the ridge between the Tennessee and the Tombigbee is 600 
feet or more. The elevation of the river at Columbus is 146 feet above sea level. This 
gives a total descent of over 450 feet for the waters of the western slope of the Tennessee 
River hills. 

Tombigbee Valley or Northeast Prairie. — The Tennessee River hills and the high ridge 
extending north and south from the town of Pontotoc were once continuous across the 
broad valley of the Tombigbee. There is still a hne of highland connecting the hills of 
the northeast with the plateau of the central part of the State, as the following elevations 
will show: luka is 460 feet above sea level and to the south the hills rise still higher, 
forming the divide between Tombigbee River and the waters of the Tennessee and Hatchee. 
The towns of Booneville and Ripley are situated near the crest of the divide; the for- 
mer is 532 feet, the latter 525 feet, above sea level. The broad valley of the Tombigbee, 
commonly known as the "black prairie," has an elevation ranging from 179 feet at Macon 
to 532 feet at Booneville. The Tombigbee Valley is, therefore, a broad spoon-shaped 
trough with a high rim on three sides. 

North-central plateau. — The large area occupying the north-central part of the State is 
a plateau sloj^ing gently westward and southward from the divide between the Tombigbee 
basin on the east and the Mississippi and Pearl River basins on the west. The region 
has been greatly dissected by streams which still have deep, narrow valleys. 



TOPOGRAPHY. 6 

The plateau ends very abruptly along its western l)orcler, whieh is distinctly marked 
by a line of hills or bluffs extending from Memphis, Tenn., to Vicksburg, Miss., along the 
eastern rim of the Yazoo Delta. The bluffs stand 200 feet or more above the low-lying 
delta to the west. The difference in elevation of the Yazoo Delta and the central plateau 
to the east has caused the streams in central Mississippi to cut the bottoms of their chan- 
nels more rapidly than they have widened their valleys. 

The divide between the waters of the Tombigbee and Ilatchee l)asins, which extends 
westward from the southern part of Tishomingo County to Ripley, continues unbroken 
with a gentle westward slope through central Tippah, northern Marshall, and De Soto 
counties almost to Mississippi River. The highest known elevation along this divide is 
near the town of Holly Springs, where the Illinois Central Railroad reaches 625 feet 
above sea level. The elevation of Olive Branch, in eastern De Soto County, is 421 feet, 
and near Horn Lake, which is but 12 miles from the Mississippi, the elevation is 340 feet. 

Extending north and south, or at right angles to the east-west divide, is the Pontotoc 
divide, which separates the waters of the Tombigbee basin from those of the Mississippi, 
Pearl, Leaf, and Chickasawhay rivers. The Mobile, Jackson and Kansas City Railroad 
follows the ridge from Pontotoc to Louisville. Here the ridge turns southeast and passes 
into Alabama at the southern border of Lauderdale County. This divide has a general 
elevation throughout the State of about 500 feet. 

Yazoo Delta. — The vast alluvial bottom known as the Yazoo Delta contains over 6,000 
square miles lying between Mississippi River and the line of hills extending from Memphis 
through Batesville and Yazoo to Vicksburg. South of Vicksburg the Mississippi has 
a sharp wall on the east bank and a broad valley on the Louisiana side. 

There is but little relief over the entire delta area. The larger streams, such as the 
Yazoo, Coldwater, Tallahatchie, Sunflower, and the Mississippi on the western boundary, 
have built up their banks by continual deposition so that the highest elevations are near 
the rivers, and there are gentle slopes to the interstream areas. When the Mississippi 
overflows the delta the banks of the larger streams are the last to be submerged. ^ 

There is a gradual slope southward from the Tennessee boundary, at an elevation of 217 
feet, to Vicksburg, which is 94 feet above sea level. An east-west line from Greenwood 
to Greenville shows very little variation in the three known elevations. That at Green- 
wood is 143 feet, while the towns of Leland and Greenville are each 125 feet above sea 
level. This shows a very slight westward slope. 

Jackson prairies. — Between the roughly carved region of the north-central plateau 
and the long-leaf-pine hills to the south is a belt of country known as the Jackson or central 
prairies. Its extent coincides with the area underlain by the Jackson formation, which 
is described on page 10. 

The surface is more rolhng than that of the regions to the north and south. Between 
Pearl River southeast of Canton and the town of Vosburg are large areas of level prairies 
covering hundreds of square miles. The streams on the north side of this belt as far east 
as Newton flow north and northwest to the Pearl; the streams on the south side flow to 
Strong, Leaf, and Chickasawhay rivers. 

The elevation along the crest of the divide ranges from 426 feet at Vosburg to 475 feet 
at Forest. There is a gentle southward slope of less than 2 feet per mile from Louisville, 
which is 552 feet above sea level, to the Jackson prairies. The western third of the Jackson 
prairies is much lower than the region to the east. This is due to the valleys of Pearl 
and Big Black rivers. These rivers opposite Canton approach within 16 miles of each 
other, but the Big Black flows at a much lower elevation. 

Long-leaf-pine hills. — The region from the Jackson prairies to the Gulf presents a diversity 
of topographic features. In many particulars it is analogous to the north-central plateau. 
The highest elevations rise more than 500 feet above sea level. The largest streams flow 
in very narrow valleys and are but little above sea level. The smaller streams are short 
and have steep gradients. 



4 UiStDERGROUI^D- WATER RESOURCES OF MISSISSIPPI. 

The interstream areas west of Pearl River have a maximum height of perhaps 600 feet. 
The IlHnois Central Railroad from Beechgrove to Magnolia has many points above 425 
feet in elevation, and reaches a maximum of 487 feet 5 miles north of Hazlehurst. This 
high plateau extends westward to within 10 to 15 miles of Mississippi River. 

The region east of Pearl River is much lower except a small area south of Brandon, in 
southern Rankin and Simpson counties. Chickasawhay, Leaf , and Pascagoula rivers are 
but little above sea level, while the areas between have a maximum elevation of only 350 
feet. 

GENERAL GEOLOGY. 

STRATIGRAPHY. 

Though the geologic structure of Mississippi is very simple, the details of the stratig- 
raphy are hard to make out. This is due largely to the extent to which the underlying 
rocks are covered by the more recent deposits, such as the alluvium and the "orange 
sand" or Lafayette formation. 

The older rocks of the State represented by the Devonian and Carboniferous form the 
old sea floor, on which at a much later period the more unconsolidated beds belonging to 
the Cretaceous were laid down. The older rocks underlie the entire State, but come to 
the surface only in the northeasf corner along Tennessee River. 

The newer rocks outcrop south and west of this older mass in successive, roughly parallel 
bands. All dip slightly to the southwest, so that if an observer should start in Tishomingo 
County and travel through the State either south or west he would find himself continually 
passing over newer and newer series of rocks, until he finally reached the very recent 
alluvial deposits which fringe the Gulf and Mississippi River. The newer rocks, overlap- 
ping the older in the northeast, cover them to a greater and greater depth to the west 
and south. At the town of Corinth the hard rocks were struck at a depth of 450 feet 
from the surface, but, so far as known, no wells west or south of this have entered the 
hard Paleozoic rocks. 

The Cretaceous and Tertiary sediments were deposited in a vast trough comprising the 
present States of Mississippi, western Tennessee and Kentucky, and southern Illinois on 
the east side; and southeastern Missouri, eastern Arkansas, Louisiana, and southeastern 
Texas on the west. To the east, north, and west of the embayment was higher land, 
which was worn down by erosion and from which material was carried by the streams 
and deposited in the trough-like embayment. Thus we have a series of strata dipping to 
the south and west on the east side of the embayment and to the east and south on the 
west side. The fine artesian-water basin in this region is due to the sandy, unconsolidated 
character of the sediments and the gentle slope of the sea floor on which they were depositedo 



WATER-SUPPLY PAPER NO 159 




STRATIGRAPHY. 



5 



The following section shows the geologic groups which are exposed in Mississippi and the 
relation of one group to another, the newest formations heing at the top of the table and 
the oldest at the bottom : 

General geologic section of Mississippi. 



System. 



Series 



Quaternary. 



Tertiary. 



Cretaceous. 



Carboniferous 
Devonian 



Miocene ? . 



Miocene. . . 
Oligoeene. 



^Eocene . 



Formation. 



Sands, silts, and 



'Recent alluvium, 
loam. 

Yellow loam. Surface loam or brick 
clays of northwestern Mississippi. 

Fossiliferous loess. Gray to buff- 
colored calcareous silt, containing 
land shells. 

Port Hudson. Greenish to bluish 

clays, with interbedded sands. 

Calcareous concretions in lowest 
members. 

Lafayette. Red to yellow sands and 
iron-stained pebbles. Sands in 
places containing large amount of 

. clay. 

Grand Gulf. Gray aluminous sand- 
stones, interbedded with white to 
gray plastic clays in northwest 
darker-colored clays containing lig- 
nitized wood and vegetable matter 
in southeast. 

Pascagoula. Calcareous sands, con- 
taining numerous fossils. 

Vicksburg. White, yellow, and blue 
crystalline limestone, interbedded 
with thin layers of indurated calca- 
reous clay. 

Jackson. Gray calcareous clays, lig- 
nitic clays with gray siliceous 
sands, and some greensand. 

Lisbon formation. 
Calcareous clays 
and greensands. 

Tallahatta buhr- 
stone. Alumi- 
nous and quartz- 
itic sandstones, 
greensands, and 
clay stones. 

Wilcox. Highly stratified sands and 
clays of various colors, with some 
beds of greensand marl. 



{Porters Creek. Gray 
aluminous clays. 
Clayton. Limestone, 
sands, and clays. 

Ripley. Limestones, sandstones, 
and clays. 

Selma chalk. White chalky lime- 
stone and blue calcareous clays. 

Eutaw. Siliceous sands and clays, 
with some greensand* 

Tuscaloosa. Variegated sands and 
clays. 

Sandstone, limestone, and clays 

Limestone and chert 

Siliceous chert 

Dark limestone and shale 



Claiborne group . 



Water supply. 



Large supply of unwholesome 
water. 



■Little or no water. 



Plenty of soft but unwholesome 
water. 



Good, wholesome, soft water. 
Source of shallow wells and 
springs in north-central and 
southern Mississippi. 

Source of flowing and nonflow- 
ing wells and numerous min- 
eral springs. 



Probable source of flowing wells 

along the Gulf coast. 
Little or no water. 



Small amount of highly mineral- 
ized water. 



Little or no water. 



Plenty of water, which is some- 
times highly mineralized. 
Source of deep flowing and 
nonflowing wells in the central 
and southern parts of the 
Yazoo Delta; also in Clarke 
County. 

Large supplies of soft water. 
Source of deep-well waters in 
the northern area of the Yazoo 
Delta. Water frequently min- 
eralized. 



Little or no water. 



Plenty of wholesome water. 
Source of flowing wells in 
Pontotoc and Union counties. 

Occasional springs of hard 
water. 

Water plentiful. Source of flow- 
ing and nonflowing wells over 
Selma chalk area. Water fre- 
quently impregnated with 
iron. 

Numerous fresh-water springs; 
wells uncertain. 

Little or no water. 



b UNDERGEOUND- WATER RESOURCES OP MISSISSIPPI. 

DESCRIPTION OF FORMATIONS. 

DEVONIAN. 

The lowest rocks found in the State consist of a series of dark-blue limestones, thinly 
bedded fine-grained sandstones, and shales representing the Devonian. The lowest visible 
strata are a series of beds of dark-blue limestone 45 to 50 feet thick, above which come 10 
feet or more of highly siliceous chert, which has weathered into a sponge-like mass and 
contains numerous fossils. These Messrs. Schuchert and Kindle have determined as 
equivalent to the "New Scotland" beds, which lie at the base of the Devonian in New 
York. The fossiliferous cherty layer is overlain by 75 to 80 feet of black, and in places blue, 
shale containing more or less iron pyrite. 

The Devonian rocks are of no importance as water carriers, but they act as an impene- 
trable barrier to the surficial waters and their line of outcrop is marked by numerous 
springs. The outcrop, which is limited in this State, forms the bed rock and steep cliffs 
along the west bank of Tennessee River and can be traced for a short distance along Yellow 
Creek, Indian Creek, and other small streams flowing into the Tennessee. The tops of the 
hills between these streams are covered with Cretaceous sediments. The shaly material 
which was struck in the Corinth well perhaps belongs to the dark-colored shales coming 
above the fossiliferous horizon along Yellow Creek. 

CARBONIFEROUS. 

Above the Devonian lies the Mississippian (Lower Carboniferous) series of limestones, 
sandstones, and shales. The thickness of these beds is not known, but it is perhaps 700 or 
800 feet. They are but little disturbed and have a perceptible dip to the south and west. 
The Carboniferous represents the southwestern extremity of the southern Appalachian 
Plateau, whose southern and western slopes are overlapped by the younger formations. 

The heavy-bedded limestones in many places interbedded with shales, cause numerous 
springs along the watercourses. The coarse-grained sandstone at the top of the Carbonif- 
erous forms a reservoir for the accumulation of water, but in numerous places it has been 
cut through to the underlying limestone, and excellent springs are found at its base. Where 
there is no leakage, good water is obtained by drilling through the sandstone. 

In the Carboniferous area good water is obtained at the base of the overlapping surficial 
red and yellow sands and from numerous springs, so that very little attention has been 
given to the deeper waters. 

The area of the Carboniferous outcrop is somewhat greater than that of the Devonian, 
but it is hkewise confined to the stream valleys in the eastern and southern portions of 
Tishomingo County, in southeastern Prentiss, and in northeastern Itawamba County. 
Over a large area along the eastern border of the Lower Cretaceous the Carboniferous lies 
near the surface, but the westward dip of the old sea floor and the constantly increasing 
depth of the Cretaceous to the west soon carry the Carboniferous strata hundreds of feet 
below the surface. 

CRETACEOUS. 
TUSCALOOSA FORMATION. 

Between the uppermost member of the Carboniferous and the next overlying formation 
met with in northeastern Mississippi there is a marked unconformity. This overlapping 
formation is well shown near Tuscaloosa, Ala., from which it has been named. In the 
Tuscaloosa formation and in those of still younger age the important water horizons of the 
State are found. In Tennessee the Tuscaloosa and the overlying Eutaw have been grouped 
together and described under the name of "Coffee" sands. 

In its lower portion the Tuscaloosa is composed of various colored clays, lignite, and 
lignitic clays; in the upper part are variegated, cross-bedded sands and sandy clays. The 
clays at the base are so compact and free from sand that they serve to retain or check the 
descending waters. 




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9 



CKETACEOUS BM)RMATI()NS. Y 

The sands of the upper portion supply tlie water of this formation. They do not extend 
in one eontinuous l)od from the top to the bottom, but there are various irregular horizons 
throughout the formation, which supply water. The irregularity is due to the noncon- 
tinuous beds of clay, which are not persistent throughout the formation. 

The thickness of the formation is estimated from well borings in western Alabama to be 
l,(X)0 feet, of which 300 to 400 feet or more are the compact clays at the base. In wells at 
Corinth, Miss., the hard rocks of the old sea floor were encountered at 450 feet. At a depth 
of 150 feet the upper sands of the Tuscaloosa were found, so that the entire thickness of the 
formation in the north is 300 feet. 

The area occupied by the formation is a long, narrow strip east of a meandering line 
extending north of the town of Columbus to the Tennessee line, including the northeastern 
portion of Lowndes, the eastern half of Monroe, and a small strip in the eastern part of 
Prentiss and Alcorn counties, and overlapping the Carboniferous and Devonian in Tisho- 
mingo County. 

EUTAW FORMATION. 

Immediately overlying the Tuscaloosa is the Eutaw formation, which is typically exposed 
at Eutaw, Ala. The lowest division of the Eutaw is composed of nonfossiliferous, highly 
micaceous sands and is distinguished with difficulty from the underlying sands of the 
Tuscaloosa. In the upper portion of the formation the sands become lighter in color, 
increase in lime carbonate, and are more or less fossiliferous. This marks the beginning 
of the marine conditions which culminated in the Midway. 

The formation is about 300 feet thick near the Alabama line and gradually becomes 
thinner to the north. The Cox well at Corinth is reported to have struck the Eutaw water- 
hearing sands at a depth of 90 feet. 

The area underlain by the Eutaw formation consists of a narrow belt of country, 5 to 12 
miles wide, lying just west of the area of the Tuscaloosa formation. Under the heading 
''Water horizons of Mississippi" the Tuscaloosa and Eutaw have been taken together as 
forming one water horizon. These formations are the most important water bearers in 
northeastern Mississippi, and over large areas west of their outcrop these form the only 
source of well water. 

SELMA CHALK. 

The subdivision immediately overlying the Eutaw formation is the Selma chalk or '' rotten 
limestone." In general appearance the Selma formation is a mass of loosely cemented 
lime carbonate (PI. II, A); but it can be separated into three divisions — (1) the sandy or 
transition beds at the base, (2) the "blue rock" or unweathered portion, and (3) the 
''rotten limestone" or chalk near the surface. 

The lowest division contains a great amount of free sand, which was washed into the 
Selma sea from the older land surface to the east. This forms the transition beds from the 
extreme sandy portion of the Eutaw to the purer lime carbonate of the upper Selma. 

Tlie "blue rock" or middle portion contains a large amount of clay, and when freshly 
exposed is of a bluish color. The clay, which renders the rock impervious, confines the 
water in the Eutaw sands below, and thus makes it possible to have artesian wells over the 
eastern Selma area. The clayey portion contains the only suitable material for holding 
cistern water. 

The uppermost division contains a greater amount of lime carbonate and much less clay 
than the blue rock. It weathers along the rapidly cutting streams into white chalk bluffs, 
which are exposed along the western border of the outcrop. The porous chalk of the upper 
subdivision absorbs a great amount of water, and streams soon dry up after a rain. 

The thickness of the Selma, as determined by many deep wells throughout the region, is 
found to vary from about 350 feet near the Tennessee line to 1,000 feet at Starkville. In 
estimating the thickness of the formation a small allowance must be made for the westward 
dip of 35 feet to the mile in the south and 10 to 15 feet in the north. 



8 UNDERGKOUND-WATER RESOURCES OF MISSISSIPPI. 

The surface of the outcropping Sehna is a level or rolling prairie well adapted to agricul- 
ture. It embraces the larger part of Noxubee, western Lowndes, eastern Oktibbeha, the 
larger part of Clay, western Monroe, the eastern half of Chickasaw, almost all of Lee, western 
Prentiss, and central Alcorn counties. The west line of outcrop can be traced approxi- 
mately through the towns of Scooba and Flatwood, and 3 miles west of Starkville to Houston. 
From here the line bends more to the east, through Troy, Blue Springs, Graham, and Anti- 
och, and 2 miles west of Kossuth to the Tennessee line. 

RIPLEY FORMATION. 

Above the Selma chalk is the uppermost division of the Cretaceous, which has been called 
the Ripley formation, and which is made up of three substances. Dark-blue marl, contain- 
ing abundant well-preserved fossils, occupies the upper part, and thinly bedded marly 
clays, alternating with sandy limestone, the lower part. The limestones are sufficiently 
porous to hold water. They come to the surface along the eastern border of the Ripley 
outcrop, and, with a westward dip of the strata greater than the slope of the surface, a 
small artesian basin is formed along the headwaters of Tallahatchie River. 

The thickness of the formation, estimated by the width of the outcrop with a westward 
dip of 15 feet to the mile, is at a maximum, 280 feet. 

The change from the rolling prairie surface of the Selma to the steep hills of the Ripley is 
very noticeable. The Ripley formation occupies a much smaller area than the Selma chalk, 
being widest at the north and wedging out entirely in Chickasaw County, at the town of 
Houston. From here south to the Alabama border the high hills of the Ripley as found in 
Tippah, Union, and Pontotoc counties are entirely wanting, except in a small area near the 
Alabama border. It is well exposed in Alabama, but wedges out in Kemper County, Miss., 
near the town of Shuqualak. From here to Houston the level " Flatwoods" of the Midway 
border on the prairie lands of the Selma ciialk. 

TERTIARY. 
MIDWAY GROUP. 

Clayton limestone. — The lowest division of the Tertiary is represented in Mississippi by a 
series of hard crystalline limestones, known as the Clayton limestone, and calcareous sandy 
marls. The limestone of this formation was referred by Hilgard to the Ripley, but later 
investigation by Harris and others has, on paleontologic evidence, placed it in the Midway. 

The limestone has a maximum thickness of 20 feet near the town of Ripley. It is overlain 
by 20 to 30 feet of reddish to yellow sandy marl containing lime carbonate, and is slightly 
fossiliferous. The reddish color is due to a large amount of iron oxide. The color of these 
sands is very similar to that of the Lafayette, which is described on page 12. 

The Clayton outcrop forms a narrow strip of territory from 2 to 6 miles wide, lying just 
west of the Ripley area. The line of the Mobile, Jackson and Kansas City Railroad follows 
the outcrop approximately from Middleton, Tenn., to Houston, Miss. From here the out- 
crop turns in a southeasterly direction west of Starkville and Macon and passes into Alabama 
southeast of Scooba. 

No doubt the sands of the upper division are water bearing, but so far no wells to the west 
have penetrated the Clayton. 

Porters Creek clay. — In Tennessee the name Porters Creek has been given to the clays 
immediately overlying the Clayton limestone. The calcareous sandy marl of the upper 
Clayton is overlain by 75 to 100 feet of gray nonfossiliterous clay, which forms the well- 
known " Flatwoods" area, extending from Tennessee into Alabama. This foimation pro- 
duces very stiff clay soils which are little used in the State for agricultural purposes. Roads 
through the "Flatwoods" often become impassable during the rainy season. 

The Porters Creek outcrop occupies a narrow strip of country extending from Middleton, 
Tenn., into the State of Alabama, and has a width of 2 to 12 miles. In the north it is 
hemmed in between the Ripley hills on the east and the Wilcox plateau ort the west. South 



TERTIARY FORMATIONS. 9 

of Maben the range of hills on the (^ast l)or(ler of the ^Vilcox formation i-ises 100 feot or more 
above the Porters Creek, and is more distinct than thc> lin(> between the Porters Creek and 
the Clayton limestone. The western border is easily traceable from 4 miles east of Maben 
due south through Oktibbeha County: liei(> the lin(^ turns in a more southeasterly direction, 
running through Shuqualak and Scooba into Alabama. 

The Porters Crec^k clay marks an important horizon between the waters of th(> Ripley and 
Wilcox horizons. The rainfall entering the outcropping sands of the Ripley follows these 
beds, which dip gently to the west. The oveilying Porters Creek clay prevents the water 
from rising, and it is thus confined and given pressure as the reservoir becomes full. 

WILCOX FORMATION. 

The important division of the Tertiary known as the Wilcox formation occupies a large 
area of northern Mississippi. It was originally named the Lignitic by Ililgard, and vSafford, 
State geologist of Tennessee, termed it the La Grange group. 

The term "Lignitic" as used by Ililgard has been objectionable because it is not a locality 
name. As used by Saft'ord the term "La Grange" included the present Lafayette and por- 
tions of the Cretaceous, so it has likewise been discarded. The present name, Wilcox, w^as 
first given in some unpublished work by Eugene A. Smith, State geologist of Alabama, for the 
reason that typical strata of the former Lignitic of Hilgard are exposed at Wilcox, Ala. The 
name has been adopted by the United States Geological Survey as the formation name to 
include the complex mass of sands, clays, lignites, marls, etc., between the Porters Creek 
clays below and the Tallahatta buhrstone above. 

Owing to its more or less sandy character throughout, the Wilcox forms the most impor- 
tant welter horizon of northern Mississippi. The coarse-grained, unconsolidated sand beds 
are often interbedded w4th seams of lignite and white and chocolate-colored clays. The 
clays of the upper division, as at Grenada, are very dark and may properly be called shale. 
In the eastern half of the area looseiy. bedded sands predominate. The western portion, 
which is a series of irregularly cross-bedded sands and sandy clays, is separated from the 
eastern by a more or less regular line of white and chocolate-colored clays, which are used for 
making stoneware. 

The thickness of the group is estimated from the width of the outcrop to be 750 to 800 feet. 
The deep well at Memphis is reported to have passed through the Wilcox at a depth of 963 
feet. 

InAlabama, Smith has divided the "Lignitic, "the equivalent of the Wilcox, into six mem- 
bers. Each contains one or more marl beds from which distinguishing fossils are obtained. 
He includes in the "Lignitic" the Porters Creek clays, which in Mississippi are mapped with 
the Midw^ay. 

The Wilcox covers the largest territory of any formation in northern Mississippi. It occu- 
pies the entire area lying between the Porters Creek outcrop and the bluffs on the eastern 
rim of the Yazoo Delta as far south as Grenada. The west edge south of Grenada is a line 
extending southeast 6 miles east of Winona, west of Philadelphia, and southwest of Meridian. 

The entire Wilcox group is very important as a water-bearing formation. The numerous 
beds of sand interbedded with clays form various w^ater horizons throughout the formation. 
The shallow artesian wells at Batesville and CofTeeville, begun below the yellow loam and 
Lafayette, show that there are beds of clay in the upper division of the Wilcox sufficiently 
persistent and compact to confine the water below the clay and to form artesian basins in the 
upper Wilcox. 

CLAIBORNE GROUP. 

The Claiborne is divisible on lithologic grounds into two distinct formations. The lower 
of these is the Tallahatta buhrstone, or " siliceous Claiborne; " the upper includes the Lisbon 
beds, or "calcareous Claiborne." 

Tallahatta buhrstone. — This formation, called "siliceous Claiborne" by Hilgard, consists 
chiefly of glauconitic coarse-grained micaceous sandstone, siliceous and aluminous clay 



10 UTTDERG ROUND- WATER RESOURCES OF MISSISSIPPI. 

stones, and a white siliceous sandstone that is almost quartzite. The estimated thickness is 
350 feet. 

The formation outcrops in a belt of territory between the Wilcox and Lisbon beds, and 
varies in width from 10 miles in northeastern Clarke County to 30 miles in Leake and Win- 
ston counties. The eastern line of outcrop is traceable from the Alabama line 4 miles south 
of Hurricane Creek post-office to Eastville; thence it swings southwest nearly to Sterling, 
south of Meridian; thence it bends northwest past Battlefield, Philadelphia, Plattsburg, 
Hinze, and French Camp, 6 miles east of Winona, and west of Grenada. No trace of the 
Tallahatta has been found north of Yalobusha River. 

For the eastern part of the delta and the central portion of the State lying south of the 
Tallahatta outcrop, this formation forms a very important water horizon. The extensive 
area underlain by the formation and the porous texture of its materials make it well suited 
for absorbing a large amount of rainfall. The water-tight clays at the base of the overlying 
formation confine the water in the Tallahatta buhrstone. 

PI. II, B, shows a hard cap rock of sandstone at the top of the section, with loose siliceous 
sand immediately underlying it. Over extensive areas in the Yazoo bottom flowing wells 
are obtained when the drill passes through the hard layer of sandstone and enters the sands 
below. The ledge of sandstone, which varies in thickness from 12 to 30 inches, is very hard, 
in places almost a quartzite, and often requires several days' drilling to pass through it. 

Lisbon formation. — Above the Tallahatta is a series of beds which Hilgard called '' calca- 
reous Claiborne" and which will be termed the Lisbon formation. The series is about 150 
feet thick, and is composed of calcareous sands and laminated and lignitic clays. The 
character of the surface is little affected by the Lisbon, which is almost everywhere over- 
lain by the Lafayette. 

In Alabama the area underlain by this formation is very limited in extent, but in Missis- 
sippi it widens out and occupies the territory from southeastern Clarke to southern Carroll 
County, varying from 5 to 25 miles in width. 

The thick mantle of Lafayette covering the Lisbon area furnishes plenty of good water, 
and the water-bearing horizons of the Lisbon have therefore not been developed. 

JACKSON FORMATION. 

In Alabama the Jackson and the succeeding formation, the Vicksburg, have been classed 
together under the name of St. Stevens. In Mississippi, however, they can usually be 
separated very readily and will be treated as two distinct formations. 

The essential materials of the Jackson group are gray calcareous and lignitic clays and 
sands. The outcrop occupies a belt of country 10 to 30 miles wide, extending southeast 
and northwest across the State from Yazoo to the Alabama line north of Waynesboro. 
The area is known as the "central prairie." 

There are no continuous water horizons in the lower or middle Jackson. It is usually 
barren of water, and when found the water is very impotable. Wells in this region obtain 
their water either from the base of the Lafayette or from the upper member of the Tallahatta 
buhrstone. Flowing wells are obtained along the lower streams. 

The Jackson has usually been described as ''marls" and clays, but recent investigations 
along the line of contact with the Vicksburg have shown that there are between 50 and 75 
feet of yellow, gray, or white siliceous sand at the top of the Jackson. Whether from a 
paleontologic standpoint this should be considered Jackson or Vicksburg we are unable to 
say, since no fossils have been found in the sands. They are regularly stratified, showing 
that they were deposited in a quiet sea with little or no current. In places near the surface 
the sands are slightly cemented with iron oxide, causing some layers to resist erosion more 
than others. 

PL III, A, represents the highly stratified character of the siliceous white to gray sands 
of the uppermost member of the Jackson formation. These sands, which are very porous, 
are exposed through erosion over large areas in Mississippi and absorb large amounts of 
water, the water table in such cases very nearly reaching the surface (PI. Ill, B). 



U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 



WATER-SUPPLY PAPER NO. 159 PL 




A. JACKSON SANDS, SHOWING CHARACTER OF MATERIAL, AND EROSION AND 
CATCHMENT CONDITIONS. 




B. UPPER PART OF JACKSON FORMATION, SHOWING WHITE OR GRAY 
SILICEOUS SAND PHASE. 



TERTIARY FORMvVTIONS. 11 

This is the only horizon of tlio Jackson which may boconio of an}' importance as a water- 
bearer. South of its outcrop there arc no deep wells which are known to tlcri\e their 
vvatei"s from this horizon, so that its importance in this respect is not known. 

VICKSBURG LIMESTONE. 

This formation, first studied by Conrad at Vicksburg, occupies a very limited area south 
of the Jackson. It consists of crystalline limestone in beds varying from 1 inch to 3 feet 
in thickness, alternating with sandy calcareous strata of marl of about the same thickness. 
There is a marked difference in the appearance of the different beds of limestone. Those 
near the surface are soft and yellow, while the more compact beds unaffected by surface 
weathering are blue. The rapidity with which the limestone breaks down under the action 
of weathering agents makes it unsuited for building stone or road material. The Vicksburg 
is of no importance as a water-bearing formation. 

PASCAGOULA FORMATION. 

E. A. Smith has distinguished along Pascagoula River in jMississippi a series of calcareous 
sands bearing a Miocene fauna overlying the Vicksburg limestone and underlying the 
great mass of lignitic sands and clays of the Grand Gulf. He has given it the naine Pasca- 
goula formation. No other outcrops have as j^et been found in the State, but deep-well 
borings along the Gulf coast have brought up calcareous sands containing fossils which 
L. C. Johnson refers to the Pascagoula. It was at first thought that the Pascagoula was 
younger than the Grand Gulf, or doubtless a fossiliferous horizon in it, but more recent 
investigation has shown that the Pascagoula clearly underlies the Grand Gulf. 

At the type locality of the Pascagoula formation, as well as at Mobile and points along 
the Gulf in Mississippi, the Pascagoula beds are overlain by Grand GuK beds; but further 
field work will be required before the relation of the two series (Grand Gulf and Pascagoula) 
in other areas can be stated with certainty. Such later work may require a redefinition 
of the term Grand Gulf. 'Owing to the limited area of outcrop the formation is not shown 
on the map. The Pascagoula furnishes an important source of fine artesian water along 
the coast. 

GRAND GULF FORMATION. 

The Grand Gulf formation is used in the sense in which it was originally defined by 
Hilgard. It is, therefore, not a homogeneous series of beds, but may include formations 
of different age. It is certain, how^ever, that everything here included in the Grand Gulf 
is newer than the Vicksburg limestone and older than the Lafayette or '' orange sand" 
formation. 

The Grand Gulf is made up almost entirely of sandstones and clays. The sandstones 
are usually but slightly cemented and are made up of sharp grains of silica, with more or 
less alumina and iron pyrites. The color varies from a pure white to a rusty 3^ellow, the 
latter resulting from the oxidation of the sulphide of iron. These sandstones are especially 
common in the northwestern part of the area underlain by the Grand Gulf — that is, northwest 
of a line drawn from Fort Adams to Raleigh. Southeast of this line sandstones are very 
rare. Elsewhere the formation consists of bluish to black clays, shales, and unconsolidated 
sands. The thickness of the Grand Gulf, as ascertained from deep-well borings, is 750 to 
800 feet. 

The Grand Gulf underlies most of that part of Mississippi south of a line drawn as follows : 
Starting at the river a few miles south of Vicksburg it runs parallel to and a mile or so 
south of the Alabama and Vicksburg Railroad, and passes a short distance north of Ray- 
mond. Here the boundary line bends rather abruptly southeast, crossing the Illinois 
Central Railroad between Terry and Byram. It then turns northeast passing through 
Monterey to Brandon, at which point it finally assumes a southeasterly direction through 
Daniel, Raleigh, Vosberg, and Waynesboro into Alabama. All the State south of this line is 
occupied by the Grand Gulf group (except the narrow belt of Port Hudson clays which 

lER 159—06-^^2 



12 UNDERGROUND-WATER RESOURCES OF MISSISSIPPI. 

border the Gulf coast in Hancock, Harrison, and Jackson counties and are described 
on page 13.) 

The area along the Mississippi from Fort Adams nearly to Vicksburg, and in Lincoln, 
Copiah, Hinds, Simpson, and Rankin counties, contains the only outcrops of the sandstones. 
In these localities it alternates with the bluish-tinted clays. At Raymond and Star the 
sandstones attain a thickness of 15 feet and appear near the summit of the hills, with 
thinner strata below alternating with semiplastic clays. 

The sandstones are wanting south and east of the line mentioned above, and the forma- 
tion is essentially indurated, laminated sands and clays of various characters, from the 
white plastic clays to those containing lignitized tree trunks. Beds of lignite are also of 
frequent occurrence. 

Many of the fine artesian wells along the Gulf derive their waters from the Grand Gulf 
formation. In tlie region of Hattiesburg and Columbia flowing wells are obtained from 
its lower division. 

LAFAYETTE FORMATION. 

Resting unconformably upon all the underlying formations from the Grand Gulf to the 
Carboniferous is a thin veneering of the Lafayette formation. This is a fresh-water deposit, 
composed chiefly of dark-red to light-red, coarse, round-grained sand, which in places 
contains more or less clay and water-worn pebbles. It varies from a knife-edge to 50 feet 
or more in thickness. The latter thickness is very rare, and it is more often found to be 
less than 10 feet. 

In Tishomingo and Itawamba counties the Lafayette contains large deposits of water- 
worn pebbles, gravel, flint, chert, and some quartz, extending in a north and south belt 
5 to 10 miles wide. Another belt of similar material occurs along the eastern edge of the 
loess formation, in the counties of De Soto, Tate, Panola, and Yalobusha. The shape of 
the pebbles is somewhat difl"erent in this belt — those of the above-mentioned counties 
being worn into an oblong egg shape, while here they have a more rounded form; they 
also contain more quartz. Still another belt, which is practically a prolongation of the 
western belt, is found in the southern part of the State. The main line of the Illinois 
Central Railroad runs along the outcrop of the gravel beds from Jackson to the Louisiana 
border. 

Thff Lafayette was deposited upon a deeply eroded surface of the older formations, 
which accounts in part for the irregularity in its thickness. Since the deposition of the 
Lafayette there has been a large amount of erosion, and in many places the whole forma- 
tion has been removed. In the areas of the Selma chalk and the Porters Creek formation 
the Lafayette is practically absent. East of the Selma chalk area there is more or less of 
the Lafayette covering the Eutaw, Tuscaloosa, and Carboniferous. In northern Missis- 
sippi, particularly in Marshall and Lafayette counties, where the formation was first 
described and named, the Lafayette, when present at all, is only a few feet thick, but in 
many places it is wanting. It thickens to the south, reaching its maximum in southern Mis- 
sissippi, where it is said to be 200 feet thick. No su<?h thickness, however, was observed in 
the course of the present work. 

In various localities in the State the iron in the Lafayette has cemented the Indian red 
sands and formed a ferruginous sandstone, which is often mistaken for pure limonite or 
brown hematite. These deposits are uniformly of very shallow depth, but may extend 
over considerable areas. The ferruginous sandstone is always formed immediately above 
a bed of clay or some material which checks the downward flow of water. The water 
passing through the Lafayette becomes saturated with iron oxide, and, on being checked 
at the base by the underlying clay, deposits the iron, which cements the sands into a 
compact mass. This mass is constantly increased by the addition of more iron from the 
iron-charged waters. Gradually the overlying material is worn away until the ferruginous 
sandstone is reached, which resists the action of erosion and often forms a scarp along the 
tops and sides of bills. 



QUATERNARY FORMATIONS. 13 

\ 

Where the Lafayette is thick enough it forms the source of a vory desirable and easily 
accessible supply of potable water. The great amount of sand in the formation forms a 
natural filter. Many of the springs of the State issue from the base of the Lafayette, 
where it rests on a bed of water-tight clay, a lignite seam, or limestone. 

aUATERNARY. 

PORT HUDSON FORMATION. 

The formation immediately above the Lafayette has been called the Port Hudson, from 
the typical exposure at Port Hudson, Miss. It is composed of clays, silts, and unconsol- 
idated sands containing old cypress stumps representing different generations superimposed 
one upon another. The thickness of the formation, as determined from criteria obtained 
along the Gulf, is 100 to 125 feet. 

The Port Hudson area occupies a narrow belt along the Mississippi south of Vicksburg, 
the low-lying belt of country between Yazoo and Mississippi rivers erroneously called the 
"delta," and a small area bordering on the Gulf of Mexico. There is a possibility that the 
so-called Port Hudson of the Yazoo Delta belongs to a much younger age than the Port 
Hudson farther south, but for the present it is all mapped as one formation. The vast 
body of land called the "delta" is but a few feet above the common high-water mark of 
Mississippi River, and was overflowed in times of very high water until as late as 1884. 
The investigations of Hilgard have shown that the formation was deposited in a fresh- 
water embayment during the slow depression of the continent at the close of Glacial time, 
and that it was not due to the successive overflows of the old Mississippi River. 

As far east as Union County, along Tallahatchie River, old inhabitants say the bottom 
land has been elevated in their lifetime from 2 to 4 feet by successive overflows of the 
river, a fact easily proved by noting the difference in elevation of the surface on the outside 
and inside of hollow cypress stumps. The gradual elevation of the bed of the Mississippi 
in recent years and the vast alluvial deposits show that the Port Hudson formation may 
possibly be of river origin. 

Water in large quantities may be obtained very near the surface over the entire area of 
the Yazoo Delta by simply driving down a pipe with a strainer attached at the lower end. 
The large amount of vegetable matter in the Port Hudson sediments causes a very unwhole- 
some drinking water. 

FOSSILIFEROUS LOESS. 

East of the Mississippi, south of Vicksburg, for a width of 12 to 15 miles, and bordering 
the eastern limit of the Port Hudson north of this place, is the loess or "Bluff" formation. 
This is made up of a homogeneous, silty, calcareous loam containing a great number of land 
shells. 

YELLOW LOAM. 

Immediately overlying the loess and extending from 25 to 35 miles farther east than the 
typical loess is the formation which Hilgard has called the "yellow loam." This is an 
unstratffied mass of sandy clay or loam, entirely void of fossils, and of a uniform pale- 
yellow to light-brown color. East of the calcareous-loess area it forms a thin covering 
over the Lafayette, when that is present, and has a maximum thickness in northwestern 
Mississippi of 25 feet. It is also present in the central and southern parts of the State, 
but is much thinner here than farther north. 

RECENT ALLUVIUM. 

The most recent strata of the State, occurring along the larger streams, particularly 
along the Mississippi, have been mapped with the Port Hudson formation. 



14 



UNDERGROUND-WATER RESOURCES OF MISSISSIPPI. 



UNDERGROUND-WATER RESOURCES. 

SOURCE OF UNDERGROUND \\ ATERS. 

In a series of sands and clays, such as those of the Coastal Plain deposits of Mississippi, 

the deposition of which took place beneath the salt waters of the ocean, the groundwaters 

are derived from two diverse sources. The salt waters encountered in certain of the deeper 

wells represent, in all probabili y, ocean waters which have been retained in the deposits 

since the accumulation of the lat'er beneath the sea, while the fresh waters encountered in 

all of the shallow and in a large proportion of the deep wells have been derived from the 

rainfall. 

RAINFALL. 

Mississippi has an average rainfall, according to the Weather Bureau, of about 51 inches, 
the precipi'ation vaiying from 49 inches at the northern edge of the S^a e to 54 inches near 




m 


20- 30 


W///V, 

//////A 


30- 40 






..s.; 


40- 50 






Ill III 


50- 60 




60- 70 



Fig. 1.— Rainfall map of eastern United States. 

the coast. The greatest annual precipitation recorded in the State was 101.47 inches at 
Bay Sc. Louis in 1900, and the least, 22.49 inches, at Kosciusko in 1889. October and 
November are usually the dryest months of the year. 



RAINFALL AND ITS DISPOSAL. 15 

Not only does the rainfall vaiy in total amount from year to year, but the amount in a 
given district varies greatly. This fluctuation is so large that a rainfall map for a given 
year has little value. Unfortunately no map showing average precipitation in detail is 
available, but the general average rainfall for the State and its relation to adjacent areas 
is shown in fig. 1. 

DISPOSAL OF RAI]^FAI.L. 

The precipitation is taken up mainly in three ways — (1) by evaporation direccly from 
the surface before the rain is absorbed, (2) by direct run-off of the water into the streams 
without its being first absorbed by the soil, and (3) by absorption into the ground. 

A very large proportion, probably 40 to 50 per cent, of the water absorbed by the ground 
in Mississippi is returned again to the atmosphere by evaporation, either directly from the 
surface or through the vegetation with which the surface is covered. Of the remaining 
ground water it is estimated that 1 per cent or less is permanently taken up in chemical 
combination by the rocks. The rest joins the underground water body occupying the pores 
and crevices within the rocks and other materials. Where the conditions have been such 
that water could penetrate the rocks these have long since been filled to saturation up to 
drainage level, so that practically all the excess of ground water not removed by evapora- 
tion finds its way to the valleys and other low spots, where it forms springs or joins the 
streams by general seepage. The amount thus returned to the streams is a large propor- 
tion of the total run-off, the immediate run-off, or that portion of the flow which has never 
been absorbed by the soil, being estimated at from 5 per cent of the rainfall in the case of 
certain sandy districts to 33 per cent in an area where the rocks are of several diverse types. 
It is thought that in the entire State probably not more than 15 per cent is removed by 
the direct run-off. 

Detailed observations of the relation of rainfall to run-off have been made in the Tom- 
bigbee and Yazoo River basins. In the former basin, north of Columbus, there was in 1903 
a rainfall of 42.69 inches, while the run-off was 19.88 inches, of which 85 per cent, or 16.87 
inches, is estimated to have passed through the soil before joining the streams. In a way 
this may be taken as representing the surplus ground water for the year of the computation. 
Reduced to gallons, this surplus amounts to about 458,000 gallons per acre. In the Yazoo 
basin the run-off was 17.41 out of 42.68 inches, the surplus computed in the same manner 
as above being 402,300 gallons per acre. When it is remembered that a well flowing 100 
gallons a minute ranks as a large well, and that the surplus rainfall of every 130 acres would 
furnish such a well, the vast amount of available ground water, yielding approximately 
5 wells to each square mile, or about 234,000 to the State, will be better understood. 

DEPTH OF PENETRATION OF TS^ATER. 

Water penetrates downward through the pores of the rocks and through cracks, fissures, 
and other passages. Theoretically it can pass downward until the rock pressure becomes 
so great that there are no openings, a condition which is estimated to exist at a depth of 
about 6 miles. As a matter of fact, however, active circulation of ground water takes 
place mainly in stratified rocks, and then only within a relatively short distance of the sur- 
face, usually from 1,000 to 2,000 feet. It is commonly useless to expect unmineralized 
waters at greater depths. 



16 UNDERaHOUND-WATEE RESOURCES OF MISSISSIPPI. 

CAPACITY OF MATERIALS TO HOLD T^^ATER. 

The amount of water which can be held by different materials varies greatly. That 
absorbed by some of the common rocks is shown in the following statement: a 

Amount of water absorbed by some common rocks. 

[In quarts per cubic foot.] 

. Granite ihn- i 

Limestone (dense) i-lj 

Dolomite (including porous limestones) 1- 5 

Chalk 4-8 

Sandstone 2-6 

Sand 8-10 

Clay 10-12 

Rocks have the greatest absorptive power when the grains are of uniform size. Where 
there is a mixture of fine and coarse grains much less water is taken up. Unfortunately 
the amount which a given material will yield does not depend entirely on the amount 
which it contains. For instance, clay, though it has a high porosity, holds water with 
great tenacity and will yield but little to a well. 

RATE OF PERCOLATION. 

In general it may be said that the coarser the sand and the smaller the amount of clay 
the more rapid the rate of movement, but this also depends largely on other factors, such as 
pressure and temperature. With a given material nearly twice as much water will percolate 
through a stated area at a pressure of 20 pounds per square inch as will pass through it at 
10 pounds. Likewise the percolation is nearly twice as rapid with the water at 100° F. as 
it is at 50° F. 

GROIIND-^VATER DIVISIOl^S. 

The earth's crust may be divided into three zones, according to the conditions of under- 
ground-water circulation: (1) The unsaturated zone, extending from the surface of the 
ground down to the upper surface of the ground-water body, or the "water table," as it is 
commonly termed; (2) the zone of shallow or, as they are frequently termed, " surface 
waters," extending from the level of the water table down to the first impervious stratum 
of considerable extent; and (3) the zone of deep-seated waters, or those lying below the 
first impervious stratum. The unsaturated zone may contain a considerable amount of 
water, but it is not stationary, being simply in transit from the surface downward to the 
water table, or surface of the zone of shallow waters. The zone of shallow waters as here 
defined is a unit, but the zone of deep-seated waters is not a unit, as there are in most cases 
several subdivisions, depending on the presence of impervious strata within the zone. 

GROU]S^r>-^VATER TABLE. 

The water table in general shows a somewhat close agreement with the slope of the surface 
of the land, tending to flatness under plains and to inequalities, similar to those of the sur- 
face, in the hilly regions. The undulations of the water table, however, are less marked 
than those of the land surface, the water standing considerably below the top of the ground 
at the crests of the hills while it is practically at stream level in the valleys. The depth of the 
ground water below the surface depends on the rate of lateral percolation into the streams 
as compared with the rainfall. In the eastern United States the permanent ground-water 
level is seldom at a great depth below the surface, water being commonly obtained within 
30 to 40 feet of the top of the ground in lands of moderate elevation, while in valleys sup- 
plies are often obtained at depths of 15 feet or less. In the arid regions, on the other hand, 
the ground-water level may be many hundred feet below the surface. 

a Data furnished by M. L, Fuller. 



GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 



'TFR-SUPPLY PAPER NO. 159 PL. IV 



■fy 




^ 






1 



A. GASOLINE PUMP AND METHOD OF ATTACHMENT. 




n. APPARATUS FOR PUMPING BY HORSEPOWER. 

Photograph by M. L, Fuller. 



RECOVKRY OP tTNDERO ROUND WATERS. 



17 



The relations of the, ground-water table to the surface in a region of uneven topography- 
are shown in fig. 2. 




Fig. 2.— Ideal section through valley and hills, showing the position of the ground water and the 
undulations of the water table with reference to the surface of the ground and to bed rock. (After 
Slichter.) 

RECOVEllX OF UNDERGROUND ^VATERS. 

Shalloiv waters. — The waters of the shallow zone are recovered through springs or seepages 
and b\" open or driven wells. The manner in which the former emerge has already been sug- 
gested in the paragraph relating to the ground-water table, the water coming to the surface 
wherever this table is cut by a valley or other depression. This natural process of recoveiy 
is supplemented by open wells, which are simply circular excavations dug from the surface 
to or slightly below the water table. To the use of this form of well there are many objec- 
tions, some of which are considered on pages 74 and 75. (PL VI, B, p. 74) A better form 
of well is the driven type, which is made by forcing a pipe with an open end, or with a per- 
forated point, downward into the ground-water body, by which process the possibility of 
contamination by the entrance of surface waters is prevented. (PI. VI, A.) In both types 
of wells the water must be raised by bucket, pump, or other mechanical means. Two 
methods of pumping water which are in common use are shown in PI. IV. The use of gas- 
oline pumps promises to be very successful in localities where windmills are not practicable. 

Deep-seated waters. — The deep-seated waters generally occur in gently dipping porous 
beds between more impervious strata. In general the water escapes at the surface only 
where there is a break in the impervious covering, allowing it to come up along fissures or 
other crevices. Springs and wells depending on deep-seated waters are more independent 
of rainfall, show relatively slighter changes of temperature, are more free from contamina- 
tion, and are more stable in flow than those from the more shallow sources. The deep- 
seated waters are artificially brought to the surface by means of deep wells. In such wells 
the water is generally under pressure and rises far above the point at which it is encountered, 
in some cases reaching to or even considerably above the level of the ground at the well, 
though in others it may fail to reach the surface, and pumping must be resorted to. In 
the present paper the term ''artesian" is used to designate all wells in which the water is 
under material hydrostatic pressure and will rise in the well when the impervious capping 
is penetrated. 

ARTESIAN REQUISITES. 

The chief artesian requisites are an inclined pervious bed lying between two impervious 
beds and having its outcrop at a height greater than the surface at the well, an outcrop 
favorable to absorption, a rainfall sufficient to furnish the necessary supply, and the absence 
of extensive leakage. Until recently these conditions have, in fact, been regarded by every 
one as essential, but it has lately been shown that flows can be obtained even in uniform 
sand. The arrangement of the grains in horizontal laminae, due to stratification, so opposes 
the passage of the water that it can rise through the well with much greater ease than 
through the sand itself. In fact, it seems likely that a diflerence in the level of the water 
table in closely adjacent regions sufficient to furnish a working head is the only essential 



lb UNDERGROUKD- WATER KESOURCES OF MISSISSIPPI. 

requisite of an artesian flow.o Four of the most common types of artesian conditions are 
illustrated in the accompanying diagrams (figs. 3, 4, 5, 6). 




Fig. 3. — Section showing certain conditions governing artesian wells. A, a porous stratum; B, C, 
impervious beds below and above A, acting as confining strata; F, height of water level in porous 
bed A, or, in other words, height of reservoir or fountain head; D, E, flowing wells springing 
from the porous water-filled bed A. (After Chamberlin.) 




Fig. 4. — Section illustrating thunnng out of porous water-bearing bed A, inclosed between imper- 
vious beds B, C, thus furnishing conditions for artesian well D. (After Chamberlin ) 



B 


A 


c 

— '®a^^ 










J} 


IT 






M 


^^ 


a«^ 


5 


^^^^ 


^^^^^ 


^^^M 


U^ 


^S^^^^^^^^^Ws? 


d 




^5^^s^ 


m^^^ 


^"^^^^^^_nr^g 


^^^^^^^^^^H 



Fig. 5.— Section showing transition from porous to impervious bed. A, a close-textured, impervious 
bed, inclosed between impervious beds B and C, furnishing conditions for an artesian well D. (After 
Chamberlin.) 




Fig. 6.— Section showing conditions favorable to flows from unconfined sandy strata. (After Fuller.) 

SPECIAL COXDITIONS IN COASTAL PLAIN FORMATIONS. 

In early treatises on artesian conditions it was argued that flowing wells could be obtained 
only in low regions with higher land on either side — that is, the artesian well must be 
located in a synclinal basin. But such is not the condition in the Atlantic and the southern 
portion of the Gulf Coastal plains. 



^^Cb a^<^ d' 


Xv^X^*$3^r^^^"~""~'' — ^~tf-^=^^^^^^ 


fc 



Fig 



IG. 7.— Section showing conditions governmg artesian and flowing wells in the Costal Plain forma- 
tions. A, surface sands— clays and sands; 13, impervious stratum of clay; C, water-bearing sand; 
D, impervious stratum of clay; E, Pre-Coastal Plain deposits of limestone and sandstone; A', D', £', 
common wells; B', flowing weil; C, spring 

The great series of unconsolidated sediments belonging to the Gulf Coastal Plain were 
deposited upon a sea floor of older rocks sloping gently seaward from their present outcrop 
along the foothills of the southern Appalachian plateau. The Coastal Plain sediments 
are thickest at the Gulf coast, where they reach a thickness of more than 2,000 feet. They 
become thinner and thinner to the north, finally disappearing at the outcrop of the older 
rocks. 



a Fuller, M. L., Artesian flows from unconfined sandy strata: Engineering News, vol. 52, pp. 329-330. 



ARTESIAN REQUISITES. 



19 



The sand and c]ay sediments of Mississippi were deposited in comparatively shallow 
water near the old shore. In these deposits the fine supply of artesian and deep-well 
waters are stored. It frequently happens in this State that the sediments which are 
water-bearing in one locality change in character in a very short distance and become 
impervious to water. We shall present only five conditions, which will serve to illustrate 
the character of the sediments and the possibilities of getting water in the State. 

In fig. 7, E represents the older rocks on which the Coastal Plain deposits D, C, B, A 
were laid down. C is a water-bearing sand incased between two impervious strata, D and B, 
which prevent the water from leaking out and keep it under hydrostatic pressure. The 
stratum C cuts out before reaching A', on the extreme right side of the figure; here there 
is a water-bearing sand at the surface, but it will not furnish artesian water because of 
the lack of an upper confining stratum. A', B', D', and E' are wells. There is no flow at A' 
because the artesian bed C fails to reach it. B' enters the artesian bed C and the water 
flows above the surface. C is a spring. The well at D' is a strong stream of good water, 
but does not flow because of lack of depth. The well at E' enters the artesian sand and 
the water rises to within a few feet of the surface, but does not flow because the elevation 
of the mouth of the well is above the head of the water. 



UNr>ERGI10XJ:N^D-AVATER HORIZONS OF MISSISSIPPI. 

The Gulf embaynient includes western Florida and Georgia, southern Alabama, all of 
Mississippi, western Tennessee and Kentucky, southern Illinois, southeastern Missouri, 
eastern Arkansas, Louisiana, and southeastern Texas. Within this vast basin there are 




Fig. 8.— Cross section from Alabama to Mississippi River, in latitude of Tupelo. J, Port Hudson; 
I, loess; H, Wilcox; G, Porters Creek; F, Clayton; E, Ripley; D, Selma; C, Eutaw; B, Tuscaloosa; 
A., Paleozoic. 

several distinct artesian-water horizons. With the exception of a small area of north- 
western Alabama the gathering ground of the different water-bearing horizons of Mississippi 
lies entirely within the State. 




Fig. 9.— Cross section from West Point to Greenville. J, river alluvium; I, Port Hudson; H, loess; 
G, Tallahatta; F, Wilcox; E, Midway; D, Selma; C, Eutaw; B, Tuscaloosa; A, Paleozoic. 

In the cross sections of the State (figs. 8, 9, 10, and 11) an effort has been made to show 
the relations of water-bearing to non water-bearing horizons. These have been prepared from 
a study of the well records and the surface outcrops of the different geologic formations. 



20 



UNDERGROUND-WATER RESOURCES OF MISSISSIPPI. 



There are seven distinct artesian-water horizons in Mississippi. Beginning with the 
lowest member of the Cretaceous we shall treat them as follows: (1) Tuscaloosa-Eutaw, 
(2) Ripley, (3) Wilcox, (4) Claiborne, (5) Pascagoula, (6) Grand Gulf, (7) Lafayette. 

TUSCALOOSA-EUTAW HOUIZON. 

The upper division of the Tuscaloosa and all of the Eutaw' formation constitute one 
artesian-water horizon. The lower division of the Tuscaloosa consists of heavy-bedded, 
compact clays of various colors. These clays form the lower confining beds of the Tusca- 
loosa-Eutaw horizon. The ''blue rock" of the lower Selma forms the upper confining 
beds. Between these two water-tight beds are 1,000 to 1,200 feet of cross-bedded sands 
and gravel, interbedded with more or less irregular strata of sandy clays and occasional 
beds of lignite. 




Fig. 10.— Section from Gattman to Fort Adams. L, loess; K, Grand Gulf (sandstone and clay); 
J, Vicksburg (limestone); I, Jackson (clays and marls); H, Claiborne; G,Tallahatta (sandstone); 
F, Wilcox (sands and clays); E, Midway (Kmes tone and clays); T>, Selma (limestone); C, Eutaw 
(sands and clays); B, Tuscaloosa (sands and clays); A, Paleozoic (limestone, etc.). 

If the numerous beds of clay were continuous throughout the formations they would 
divide the group into separate water horizons, and no doubt some of the beds do extend 
over large areas and locally affect the height of the water horizons. Where these forma- 
tions have been most carefully studied at the surface it has been impossible to trace any 
definite horizon of sand or clay for a great distance. Along some of the river bluffs, where 
good exposures are obtained, the material often changes within a hundred feet from a 




Fig. 11.— North-south cross section from Scranton to Tennessee River. L, Quaternary (silts); 
K, Grand Gulf; J, Vicksburg; I, Jackson; H.Claiborne; G, Tallahatta; F, Wilcox; E, Suearnochee; 
D, Selma; C, Eutaw; B, Tuscaloosa; A, Paleozoic. 

laminated clay to cross-bedded sands. Because of the changeable character of these 
formations we have considered the Tuscaloosa and Eutaw as forming one artesian-water 
horizon. 

Catchment area. — The outcrop of the sands receiving waters of the Tuscaloosa-Eutaw 
horizon covers about 2,000 square miles, including practically all of Tishomingo and 
Itawamba counties, the eastern portions of Alcorn, Prentiss, Monroe, and Lowndes counties, 



WATER-SUPPLY PAPER NO. 159 PI- ' 




ARTESIAN-WATER MAP OF MISSISSIPPI. 



ITNDERGKOUND-WATER HORIZONS OF MISSISSIPPI. 21 

Miss., and Pickens, Lamar, and portions of Marion and Franklin countios, Ala. The 
region where the water-hearing sands eome to the surface is largely in the hilly districts 
east of Tomhighee River. In the southern portion of the catchment area the elevation is 
sufficiently high to force the water to the surface over a large area lying to the west. The 
catchment area from southern Tishomingo County to Tennessee is but little above the ter- 
ritory lying west and the result is that it is impossible to get strong flowing wells north of 
Baldwyn. However, plenty of good water is obtained near the surface and there are flowing 
wells along the lower streams to the east. 

Upper coufining stratum. — In an artesian basin it is necessary to have at least a confining 
stratum of relatively impervious material above the water-bearing sands. If there is 
not a confining bed below these sands the water will fill them and the underlying porous 
rock until a point is reached where the rocks are nonporous. 

The overlying Selma chalk contains in its lower part a large amount of compact clay, 
which forms an impervious layer and prevents the water in the Tuscaloosa-Eutaw from 
escaping upward. There are areas, however, in the western region of the Eutaw where 
it is possible to get artesian wells. In these areas there is in the upper part of the Eutaw 
formation a bed of cla}' which is sufficiently thick to confine the water below. Farther 
west the water is under greater pressure and the Eutaw clay bed perhaps loses its compact 
character, so that the water rises to the base of the Selma chalk and overflows the surface 
wherever the Selma is penetrated. 

Inclination of the heds. — The din of the strata in the Tuscaloosa-Eutaw horizon varies 
from a westward dip of about 15 feet to the mile in the north to a south-southwest dip of 
35 to 40 feet to the mile in the south. With such a steep dip the water-bearing sands 
soon pass beneath the overlying strata, and the greater the distance from the outcrop the 
more difficult and expensive it becomes to reach the artesian waters. 

Area of available artesian water. — The westernmost location getting its water from the 
Tuscaloosa-Eutaw horizon is Starkville. The deepest well here is 1,000 feet, and the water 
rises to wnthin 154 feet of the surface. Starkville is near the west outcrop of the Selma 
formation, in which it is impossible to get good water; but fortunateh^ it can be obtained 
over the entire area by drilling through the Selma into ihe Tuscaloosa-Eutaw. It must 
not be expected, however, that flowing wells can be obtained over the entire area. They 
are limited to the eastern half of the Selma prairie, extending from about the northern 
boundary of Lee County south to Noxubee County. 

There are often erroneous ideas among well drillers and those unasquainted with the laws 
governing underground waters. One of the commonest is that, by going deep enough, 
flowing wells can be obtained anywhere. The Tuscaloosa-Eutaw is the lowest known 
water horizon in Mississippi, and it would be impossible to get flowing wells from this 
horizon w^est of the Selma prairie region. There are no doubt places west of the prairie 
region where the surface is lower than the head of this water horizon. The question may 
be asked, "Why can not flowing wells be obtained west of the Selma under such condi- 
tions?" But allowance must be made in this, as in all other horizons in the State, for 
the friction the water encounters in passing through the porous medium. The possibility 
of getting flowing wells decreases as the distance from the head increases. Another obstacle 
is the great depth of the water below the surface. If the surface dip of 30 feet to the 
mile continues to the west, at a distance of 100 miles from the head of the water it would 
require a well 3,000 feet deep to reach the water horizon. 

RIPLEY HORIZON. 

In going westward from the Tuscaloosa-Eutaw outcrop, or upward in the geologic 
column, the next artesian-water horizon encountered is a small area receiving its water 
from the Ripley formation. The entire area of this formation occupies approximately 600 
square miles, including a small portion of Chickasaw, Pontotoc, Union, Tippah, and Alcorn 
counties. It includes a long triangular belt having a maximum width of 18 miles in Tippah 
County and forming an apex near Houston. 



22 tJNDEROROUND-WATER RESOURCES OF MISSISSIPPI. 

Catchment area. — The water of the Ripley occurs in the lower portion of the formation, 
which is made up of alternating strata of limestone, marl, and sand. The water-bearing 
strata come to the surface in the hills near the eastern border of the Ripley outcrop— that 
is. along the western slope of the Pontotoc divide. The country slopes westward and is 
drained by Tallahatchie River and its tributaries. 

Upper confining stratum. — The alternating beds of sandstone, clay, and limestone of the 
Ripley are overlain by the heavy-bedded, compact clay of the Porters Creek formation. 
This clay is impervious, and confines the water in the Ripley. 

Dip of the water-hearing stratum. — No accurate measurements have been made of the dip 
of the Ripley sands. There is but one line of wells which get their supply of water from 
the Ripley, and these wells are about parallel to the strike of the strata. Farther west the 
Wilcox has been found to have a westward dip of about 16 feet per mile, and the Selma 
chalk to the east has a westward dip of 10 to 15 feet per mile, so that we can assume that 
the inclination of the Ripley is about 12 to 15 feet per mile. 

Area of available artesian water. — Flowing wells have been obtained from the Ripley 
horizon only along upper Tallahatchie River and some of its upper tributaries. A large 
number of wells have been drilled in the vicinity of New Albany and Ecru. When the 
first ones were drilled at New Albany, the water rose 20 to 30 feet above the surface, but 
the increasing number of wells soon lowered the head, and they now have to be pumped. 

The writer observed for six hours the pumping of a new well at Ecru. The depth was 
93 feet, and the water, when the well was completed, barely rose to the surface, as it does 
in the other wells in the town. After six hours' pumping with a Cook pump drawing 120 
to 130 gallons a minute, the other wells in town were lowered 3 feet. This indicates that 
they all derive their water from the same source and that the supply is limited. 

Efforts have been made to get flowing wells at Pontotoc and other places south to Hous- 
ton, also at places north of New Albany, but without success. The reason is not far to 
seek. The elevations of Ecru and New Albany are 374 and 381 feet, respectively. At these 
places the water barely reaches the surface, which indicates that the head is but little 
above these elevations. From Cherry Creek to Pontotoc the elevation rises from 375 to 
478 feet. Pontotoc is located on the crest of Pontotoc divide, and there is no higher land 
to the east to supply artesian water; it is therefore impossible to get flowing wells at that 
place. From New Albany to Ripley the elevation rises from 381 to 525 feet, thus getting 
above the water head to the east. The only place where flowing wells from this horizon 
can be expected is down Tallahatchie River, and perhaps along the headwaters of Tippah 
Creek in western Tippah and eastern Benton counties, and in northeastern Calhoun County 
along Shooner River. 

WILCOX HORIZON. 

The extensive outcrop of the Wilcox formation covers 8,000 square miles, including 
approximately the counties of Benton, Lafayette, Yalobusha, Calhoun, Webster, Choctaw, 
and Winston, and the larger portions of Kemper and Lauderdale counties. Only the lower 
division of the formation is included in the water-bearing horizon. 

Catchment area. — The porous sands and sandy clays which come to the surface in the 
eastern half of the area and lie between the water-tight beds of the Porters Creek and the 
belt of clays used for stoneware at Holly Springs and Oxford make up the Wilcox artesian- 
water horizon. The catchment area is largely covered by the Lafayette sands, w4iich offer 
but little obstruction to the absorption of the rainfall, and a large amount sinks quickly 
into the underlying strata. 

Upper confining stratum. — The stoneware clays of Holly Springs and Oxford, which form 
a narrow belt of country about the middle of the formation, extending from the Tennessee 
line south in a semicircular direction into Alabama, form the upper confining stratum of 
this horizon. These clays change from a white or gray color in the north to a chocolate- 
brown in the central and southern areas. 



UNDERGROUND-WATER HORIZONS OF MISSISSIPPI. 28 

Dip of the watev-beanmj strata. — An east-west line of wells extending from Oxford to 
Belen gives the following data for determining the dip of the strata, if it is assumed that 
the water comes from the same source: 

The elevation of the well at Oxford is about 450 feet. Water was obtained here at a 
depth of 100 feet, or 350 feet above sea level. In the Batesville well, water was struck at 
285 feet, or 51 feet above sea level. This gives a difference of 401 feet in the elevations 
of the water horizon. The distance between Oxford and Batesville is 24 miles. By divid- 
ing 401 by 25 we obtain the dip of the strata, which is over 16 feet to the mile. Similar 
calculations between Batesville and Bclen give a dip of 17 feet to the mile, and between 
Batesville and Riverside a dip of 18 feet to the mile. We can therefore assume a westward 
dip in this region of 16 or 17 feet to the mile. 

There are but few data for determining the dip to the south in the southern part of the 
formation. However, we know from the underlying and overlying strata that the dip is much 
greater to the south than to the west. 

Area of available artesian wafer. — The area underlain by the Wilcox sands and sandy 
clays includes the entire State west and south of their outcrop; but the inclination of the 
beds soon carries the water-bearing strata below the reach of the drillers. Two causes 
tend to make flowing wells more easily obtained west of the source than south: (1) The 
more gentle' westward dip keeps the water nearer the surface, while the dip to the south 
soon carries the water horizon beyond reach; (2) the elevation of the surface lying west 
decreases and reaches a lower level than that to the south.- 

The flowing wells in the Yazoo Delta north of Leflore County obtain their water from 
the Wilcox. South of this area water is found in a different horizon. In the western and 
southern portions of the delta the distance from the source has become so great that the 
water fails to reach the surface on account of the friction it encounters in passing through 
the sands. There is but a small area outside of the northern part of the delta where flow- 
ing wells are obtained from the Wiltox horizon. Those at Water Valley and Coffeeville, 
many in Lauderdale, and a few in southeastern Newton, and perhaps in northern Clarke 
County, get their waters from the Wilcox. 

CLAIBORNE HORIZON. 

We have considered the white and chocolate-colored stoneware clays near the middle of 
the Wilcox formation as the division between the Wilcox and Claiborne water horizons. 
They form the upper confining beds of the Wilcox and the lower confining beds of the 
Claiborne. If there were a water-tight bed at the top of the Wilcox, there would be two 
water horizons belonging entirely to this formation; but, since this upper impervious bed 
is wanting, we should consider the sands and sandy clays above the stoneware clays as a 
part of the Claiborne formation. 

Catchment area. — Besides the area of the upper Wilcox the catchment area of the Clai- 
borne includes a belt from 12 to 40 miles wide extending from Grenada County south- 
southeast through Carroll, Attala, Leake, southwestern Neshoba, Newton, Lauderdale, and 
Clarke counties. The belt is narrowest near the Alabama line and widest in Leake County. 
The outcrop of the strata of the Claiborne horizon includes beds of unconsolidated mica- 
ceous sands, sandy clays, and more or less coarse-grained micaceous sandstone. There is 
in the Tallahatta buhrstone at least one horizon of very compact quartzose sandstone. All 
of the Tallahatta, with the possible exception of the quartzose sandstone, is capable of 
holding a large amount of water in saturation. Over much of the area the Lafayette 
covers the surface. Along many of the streams and hillsides the Lafayette has been 
removed by erosion and the porous sands and sandstones of the underlying formations are 
exposed. Besides the direct absorption of the rainfall into the porous strata there are a 
number of streams which lose a large amount of their waters in passing over the inclined 
edges of these strata. The water sinks quickly into the open-textured sands, and many of 
the smaller streams flow but a short time after even a hard rainstorm. This is particularly 



24 UNDERGROUND- WATER RESOURCES OF MISSISSIPPI. 

true along the upper courses, where the streams have not silted up their beds with imper- 
vious clays. The absorption is greater in summer than in winter. 

Upper confining stratum. — The upper confining stratum of the Claiborne horizon consists 
of a series of ''soapstone" and pipe-clay beds which belong to the basal part of the Lisbon 
formation. Well drillers say that in places flowing water is found just beneath a very hard 
"flint" or sandstone, which is perhaps the quartzose sandstone of the upper Tallahatta. 

Dip of the rvater-b earing strata. — The dip of the strata to the west, as shown in the well 
records between Winona and Indianola, is as follows: If the waters derive their supply 
from the same source, there is a dip in the water horizon between Winona and Greenwood 
of 18 feet to the mile, though one well at Greenwood would give a dip of only 10 feet to the 
mile; the dip between Greenwood and Ittabena is 20 feet to the mile; between Ittabena 
and Indianola 35 feet to the mtle. 

The well at Jackson gets its water at a depth of 1,168 feet. The elevation of the top of 
the well is about 280 feet above sea level. Estimating the head of the water supplying the 
well to be 100 feet higher than the surface at Jackson and the distance from the source to 
the well to be 50 miles, we get a dip of the water-bearing sands of 25 feet to the mile. 

Various estimates made from records of the wells along Chickasawhay River give a south- 
ward dip of the water horizon of from 10 to 20 feet to the mile. 

Area of available artesian water. — The area of accessible artesian water coming from the 
Claiborne horizon includes the larger part of the Yazoo Delta lying south of a line running 
from Grenada to Rosedale, and the central prairie belt extending from Yazoo to Waynes- 
boro, on Chickasawhay River. 

The area of flowing wells occupies a much smaller territory. In the delta it includes 
Leflore County, the larger part of Sunflower County, and the northern part of Holmes 
County. West of this the water encounters too much friction to give good flowing wells. 
A well 1,567 feet deep at Yazoo failed to obtain a strong flow. The city well at Jackson 
is perhaps the most distant one receiving its water from the Claiborne horizon. This 
well is 1,168 feet deep and gives a strong stream. The water is highly impregnated with 
minerals and too warm to be palatable for drinking. There are numerous flowing wells 
along Chickasawhay River, from Waynesboro to near Decatur, in Newton County; those 
south of Enterprise receive their waters from the Claiborne horizon. 

PASCAGOULA HORIZON. 

Immediately underlying the Grand Gulf formation is a series of older Miocene beds which 
outcrop along Chattahoochee River in Florida and also along Conecuh River in southern 
Alabama. From fossils collected by Mr. Johnson along Chickasawhay River a few miles above 
the mouth of Leaf River it has been shown that there is a horizon here bearing a fauna 
which is much older than the Vicksburg. He has called the beds Pascagoula, and refers 
them to the Miocene. It has not been conclusively proved that the Pascagoula is the same 
horizon as the Chattahoochee beds, but the fossils which were collected have been referred 
to the Miocene. It is quite probable that many of the deeper wells along the coast derive 
their supply of water from the Pascagoula, but as the formation has been recognized only 
.along the Pascagoula River nothing is definitely known about its water-bearing capacity. 

GRAND GULF HORIZON. 

But little detailed geologic work has been done over a large part of the Grand Gulf area 
from Jackson to the Gulf, and the character of the water-bearing horizons is known only in 
a general way. The southern counties of the State are covered deeply by two great surficial 
formations, the Grand Gulf and the Lafayette. The great well at Rose farm and another 
at Wilson Springs, north of Moss Point, demonstrate that there is another important water 
horizon underneath the Grand Gulf. The greater part of the wells along the coast find 
flowing water at 500 feet, more or less, and many toward the west at 300 feet and lower, 
None of these flow with the great pressure of the deeper wells, nor do they furnish so great 
a supply. From only one of the shallower wells have fossils been obtained — that at Log- 
town, on Pearl River — but as yet they are undetermined. 



UNDERGROUND- WATER HORIZONS OF MISSISSIPPI. 25 

Mr. L. Sutter, one of the most skillful nnd observant drillers of the coast, says t4iat there 
are four distinct artesian water-bearing strata on the coast. This does not include the one 
immediately under the alluvial sands at a depth of 100 to 200 feet, which sometimes flows 
and sometimes does not. One horizon is reached at about 300 feet from which water 
occasionally rises to the surface; a second at 400 to 500 feet often gives a strong flow, and 
the majority of owners are content to stop here; a third is at 600 to 700 feet, in which there 
is generally gravel and a good flow of water; the last flow comes from a depth of 800 to 
1,000 feet, and has a strong pressure and abundant supply. 

The lowest member of the Grand Gulf formation is a bed of impervious clay about 75 
feet thick. Resting on the cla}^ is a series of sandstones alternating with grayish and often 
lignitiferous clays. These sandstones and open clays form the water-bearing strata of the 
Grand Gulf. 

Catchment area. — The sandstones and lignitiferous clays come to the surface along the 
northern area of the Grand Gulf formation. In the northwestern portion the sandstone is 
more prevalent than the lignitiferous clays. It alternates with thin strata of gray clay, as 
is shown at Star and Raymond, and in various places in southern Rankin, Hinds, Simpson, 
Copiah, and Claiborne counties. Along the northern outcrop of the Grand Gulf in the east- 
ern part of the State the sandstone is wanting. The strata here are lignitiferous, sandy 
clays containing leaf impressions and often fragments of lignitized wood. But the material 
is porous enough to absorb a large amount of water, which is easily recognized by its charac- 
ter when it again comes to the surface. The large amounts of gypsum and common and 
magnesian salts, the small cjuantities of iron pyrite, and the decayed vegetable matter 
render the water in places unsuitable for drinking. 

Upper confining stratum. — The upper confining beds of the Grand Gulf horizon consist of 
the extensive clay beds outcropping in the vicinity of Hattiesburg. 

Dip of the water-bearing strata. — If the wells at Laurel and Ellisville derive their supply 
from the same horizon, the southward dip of the strata is about 11 feet to the mile. 
The dip between Ellisville and Hattiesburg is, according to the data in hand, much less. 
We have but one well record at Ellisville on which to base our estimates, which are no doubt 
too small. 

Area of available artesian water. — The sandstones and porous clays forming the catchment 
area of the Grand Gulf horizon soon pass beneath younger deposits. Flowing wells are 
obtained at Taylorsville, Hattiesburg, Columbia, and along the coast. There is a large area 
lying north of a line drawn from Leakesville through Hattiesburg, Monticello, Brookhaven, 
and Natchez, where deep-well water can be obtained at a maximum depth of 800 feet. 
Flowing wells should be found along the larger streams at a much shallower depth. 

Below is a generalized section of wells between Biloxi and Pass Christian. The record 
was given to G. D. Harris, for his "Underground Waters of Southern Louisiana," by 
Mr. A. Dixon, a practical well driller of that region. 

Generalized section of wells between Biloxi and Pass Christiam. 

Depth 
in feet. 

6. Sand 80 

5. Clay 125 

4. Sand and clay 425 

3. Light-gray fine sand , 500 

2. Clay '. 600 

1. Water-bearing sand 685 

It will be seen by consulting the section that No. 2 is a bed of clay extending in depth 
from 600 to 685 feet, with a water-bearing sand below. No. 1 is no doubt the water-bearing 
sand belonging to the lower horizon, and the clay of No. 2 is the impervious bed at the top. 
Some drillers say that the clay coming immediately above the water horizon has a bluish- 
Creen color and is often 150 feet thick. 

The large number of wells along the coast which draw their supply from this horizon 
indicates a large catchment area- Those who have flowing wells usually let them flow 



26 



UNDEEGEOUND-WATER EES0UECE8 OF MISSISSIPPI. 



at full pressure, the amount of water used being but a small fraction of the amount wasted. 
Well owners should bear in mind the possibility of overdrawing the supply. New wells 
are being constantly drilled, and this also tends to lessen the amount for each well. Good 
water such as that found in the deep wells along the coast is a great blessing to the people 
living there, and a cessation of the flowing wells would be keenly felt. Fortunately, the 
supply so far has been adequate for all purposes. 

LAFAYETTE HORIZON. 

The most recent formation in the State furnishing artesian water is the Lafayette. Over 
the larger portion of the State it forms a mantle up to 200 feet in thickness resting uncon- 
formably upon the older formations. The Lafayette passes beneath still younger strata 
at a distance of 15 to 30 miles from the Gulf and is found in the coast wells at a depth of 
150 to 350 feet below tide. North of the point where the Lafayette passes under cover of 
the other formations, it forms one of the principal sources of the shallow-well waters of the 
State. 

Catchment area. — Along the Gulf and Ship Island Railroad south of Hattiesburg there 
are thick beds of coarse sand and fine gravel belonging to the Lafayette. They overlie 
the bluish-green clays at the top of the Grand Gulf horizon, and are in turn overlain by 
more recent clays. The surface between these two clay layers forms the catchment area 
of the Lafayette. It is less extensive than the Grand Gulf horizon, but the material is much 
more porous and therefore contains more water to the cubic foot. 

The elevation of the catchment area is sufficient to force the water to a maximum height 
of 20 feet above the surface. At a distance of 25 miles from the Gulf the elevation along the 
Gulf and Ship Island Railroad reaches 250 feet. If this elevation were continuous across 
the State from east to west, the water in the coast wells receiving their supply from this 
horizon would rise to a much greater height than it does; but the streams have cut their 
channels to such a depth that the head of the water is much below this elevation. 

Upper confining stratum. — The recent clays along the coast rest unconformably upon 
the Lafayette horizon, and form its upper impervious stratum. From the various reports 
of the drillers the coast wells from Scranton to Pearl River strike the Lafayette sands and 
gravel at from 150 to 380 feet. The upper confining bed of clay is reported to be 35 to 
100 feet thick. The following table, compiled from the well records from Scranton to 
Pearl River, gives some interesting facts relating to the .pressure and depth of the wells: 

Wells between Scranton and Pearl River. 



Local it j\ 


Weils less 
than 500 
feet deep. 


Wells with 
flow less 
than 30 

feet above 
surface. 


Wells more 
than 500 
feet deep. 


Wells with 
flow 30 feet 
and more 
above the 
surface. 


Biloxi 


7 


5 

2 
1 
3 

7 


15 
6 
2 
6 

30 
2 
3 

13 
2 
4 


17 


Gulfport 


4 






1 


Mississippi City 




3 


Pass- Christian 


2 


25 


Foiitainebleau. . , 


2 


Moss Point 




2 
5 


1 


Ocean Springs 




8 


Scranton 




. 2 


Bay St. Louis 


9 

7 


8 

7 


5 








1 



By comparing the depths with the pressures in the table above, it will be seen that the 
water coming from a depth less than 500 feet has a different source from that of the water 
coming from a greater depth. Wells with an approximate depth of 500 feet or more 



NOTES ON w?:lls, by oountieh. 27 

have a much greater pressure than shallower wells. In most of the former the pressure 
is sudieient to force the water 30 feet or more above the surface, the maximum height 
being 80 feet. A well at Bay St. Louis, 250 feet deep, has a greater pressure than any of 
the other shallow wells, and the height of flow above the surface is 20 feet. 

Dip of the ivater-bearing strata. — By comparing the distance from the outcrop of certain 
beds with the depth at which they are found in the coast wells, a southward dip of about 
15 or 20 feet to the mile is estimated. 

Area of available artesian water. — The artesian area of the Lafayette is comparatively 
limited. Some of the more shallow wells along the coast obtain their waters from this 
horizon. The entire area of the Lafayette which is covered by later formations is but a 
few s^juare miles, extending about 20 miles north from the coast and including the southern 
portions of Harrison, Hancock, and Jackson counties. 

XOTES OX ^VELLS OF MISSISSIPPI, BY COUNTIES. « 

Adams County. — The surface of Adams County is very irregular. In the eastern part 
the Grand Gulf formation is overlain by the Lafayette. Near Mississippi River the loess 
overlaps all the other formations and extends from 5 to 10 miles from the river. The wells 
of this county derive their waters from two sources. The shallower wells are supplied with 
soft, palatable water from the base of the Lafayette, and the deeper wells from the sands 
of the Grand Gulf. 

The city waterworks company of Natchez has four wells located near together, 56 feet 
above the river. An examination of the water from No. la shows 37^ parts solids to 100,000 
parts of water, and a hardness of 7\. Well No. 2 contains 27 grains of solids to the gallon, 
and shows the presence of a very small number of innocuous bacteria. The log of well 
No. 4 show^s 160 feet of loess, 50 feet of Lafayette, and 220 feet of Grand Gulf material. 
Well No. 9 is located on the Greenville plantation, 7J miles from town. There are hun- 
dreds of wells of this character in the western part of Adams County, the water generally 
being obtained at the contact of the Lafayette and the underlying Grand Gulf. The log 
of well No. 9 showed 12 feet of Lafayette and 85 feet of Grand Gulf, to which the water 
owes its hardness. 

Alcorn County. — The Lafayette has been removed from a large part of the surface of the 
county, which is a gently rolling plateau sloping in a northwest direction to Hatchee River. 
When the first wells at Corinth were drilled the water rose to the surface, but was lowered 
several feet below the surface by additional wells. An effort has been made here to get 
wells which would flow, but the prospects are not very encouraging, since the source of the 
water is but little above the elevation of the town. There is a bare possibility of striking an 
artesian flow in the older, hard rocks at a depth of several hundred feet. These rocks come 
to the surface in northern Alabama and Tennessee at an altitude sufficiently high to force 
water to the surface at Corinth. However, the disturbance of these older rocks has caused 
them to be so folded and jointed that it would be a risk to undertake such a project. The 
log of one of the Corinth waterworks wells, No. 11, shows 20 feet of Lafayette, 280 feet of 
undifl'erentiated Cretaceous, and 45 feet of Lower Carboniferous or Devonian. 

Amite County. — No w^ell records were obtained from this county. Flowing wells are not 
probable. 

Attala County. — The only well reported from this county is No. 12, at Kosciusko. In this 
well two fossiliferous beds of clay were penetrated, the first at a depth of 65 feet and the 
second at 150 feet. Water first entered the well at a depth of 76 feet and now stands at that 
level. 

Benton County. — All shallow-well water in Benton County is obtained from the Lafa}' ette 
and Wilcox formations. There is a possibility of getting flowing wells from the Ripley 
sands along Tippah Creek in the eastern part of the county at a depth of about 400 feet. 

a A partial list of the deep wells in Mississippi is given in the table on pages 40-59. The well num- 
bers in the text refer to this table. 

IKR 159—06 3 



28 UNDERGROUND- WATER RESOURCES OF MISSISSIPPI. 

Bolivar Counixj. — This is one of the Yazoo Delta counties bordering on Mississippi River. 
The shallow wells receive abundant water from the Port Hudson formation, but it contains 
much organic matter and is therefore very unwholesome. These shallow wells are made 
by placing a cap on the end of a pipe, perforating the lower portion, and driving the pipe 
into the ground. Water enters the pipe through the perforations and is raised to the sur- 
face by a pump. 

The deep wells reach the Claiborne horizon, but are so far from the head that the pressure 
is greatly lessened by the friction the water encounters in passing through the sands. In 
most of the counties of the Yazoo Delta bordering the Mississippi the water fails to rise to 
the surface. 

Calhoun County. — This county is traversed by two large streams flowing west, Yalobusha 
and Shooner rivers. Between these streams is a narrow divide which rises more than 200 
feet above them. On the higher ridges and, in fact, everywhere except along the streams 
the Lafayette is yevj thick. At its base is a water supply abundant for all ordinary domestic 
uses. Wherever possible, this water should be used in preference to the deeper well waters, 
which in this region are apt to be strongly impregnated with mineral salts. 

Carroll County. — Carroll is one of the counties bordering the eastern rim of the Yazoo 
Delta. Its western part is therefore buc little above Yazoo River, and flowing wells are 
easily obtained. The greater part of the county is in the Claiborne hills, where flowing wells 
are possible only along the lower streams. 

The town of Carrollton, near the center of the county, has a large number of flowing wells. 
It is situated on Big Sandy Creek and has an elevation of 229 feet above sea level. Well 
No. 17 was drilled 1,250 feet deep, but failed to get an overflow. The first water from the 
upper Claiborne, at 300 feet, rose to within 17 feet of the surface. A second stream at 450 
feet came within 12 feet of the surface. These water beds were cased off and no further 
supply was obtained. Water from well No. 18 is delivered by a ram to a tank, from which 
it is distributed over south Carrollton. 

CMeJcasaw County. — The eastern half of this county is underlain by the Selma chalk and 
the western half by the Porters Creek and Wilcox beds. The water from the Tuscaloosa- 
Eutaw horizon will rise to the surface in a narrow strip in the northeast corner of the county. 
Some surficial waters are obtained from the base of the Lafayette where that formation is 
present, but the general supply of wholesome water comes from the deep wells which reach 
the Tuscaloosa-Eutaw horizon. Water from well No. 20 at Okolona is forced into a tank 
by compressed air and is thence distributed over the town. 

Choctaw County. — It is not surprising that no artesian wells are reported from Choctaw 
County, as the high Pontotoc divide extends through its eastern part. At Blantons Gap, 
2 miles east of Ackerman, the Illinois Central Railroad reaches the highest elevation between 
Durant and Aberdeen. 

The only possibility of getting flowing wells in the county would be along Big Black River, 
on the northern and northwestern boundary. Good surficial water is obtainable from the 
base of the Lafayette, which is exceptionally thick over this region. 

Claiborne County. — Good water is obtained in shallow Lafayette and Grand Gulf wells, 
but there is no artesian flow. 

Clarke County. — Clarke Count}^ is one of the Alabama-Mississippi border counties lying 
along Chickasawhay River. The nearness to the catchment areas of the Claiborne and 
Wilcox formations and the large area of low-lying territory along the Chickasawhay cause 
many artesian wells. The county is crossed by the Lisbon beds, the Tallahatta buhrstone, 
and the Jackson formation, while the upper Wilcox crosses the northeast corner, and the 
Vicksburg the southwest corner. The Lafayette is also very thick back from the larger 
streams. 

Well No. 22, at Barnett, was started in the Jackson marls, which were 65 feet thick. 
Water was obtained in the sands immediately underlying, and again in sands at 125 feet. 
At a depth of 350 feet all the water left the well and passed off through the sands at that 
point. The well w^s cgised for 150 feet. In well No, 23, also at Beirnett, water wa..s obtained 



NOTES ON WELLS, BY COUNTIES. 29 

at 65 feet and rose 25 feet in the well. At 125 feet another stream was struck which rose to 
within 20 feet of the surface. As in well No. 22, all the water was lost in the sands at a 
depth of 350 feet. None was found below that level. 

Well No. 24, at De Soto, begins near the top and ends near the bottom of the Lisbon beds. 
The water has a reddish color like other water coming from this horizon. 

The town of Enterprise has two wells (No. 25) about 100 yards apart and of the about 
same depth. They are afl'ected by a large well drilled at a sawmill a few hundred yards 
north. The log from well No. 26 showed 22 feet of Lafayette. When first drilled this well 
had a weak flow. Three other similar wells, from 175 to 200 feet in depth, are located in the 
neighborhood. Well No. 29 is on the west side of the river and on higher ground than those 
above mentioned. The Lafayette is here very thin and is underlain by a 10-foot Claiborne 
shell bed. When the mercurial barometer is high the well flows, but usually it has to be 
pumped. 

About 15 wells have been bored in the town of Quitman. The log of well No. 31 showed 
40 feet of Lafayette, 40 feet of Lisbon, 150 feet of Tallahatta buhrstone, and 2 feet of Wilcox. 
The volume of water has been lessened by the large number of wells. Some of the larger 
wells used for supplying water for the Mississippi Lumber Company are pumped by com- 
pressed air. During the pumping the flow of other wells in the town is either decreased or 
stopped. Well No. 33 was the first one drilled in Quitman. The flow has been much 
reduced by the drilling of other wells. The Lafayette in this well was 30 feet thick. To 
the east in the hills the Lafayette is from 40 to 100 feet thick. 

Well No. 34 is the public well at Shubuta. A weak overflow of clear water was obtained 
at a depth of 175 feet, but the main flow is from 400 feet and is a red water, which is alkaline 
in character and carries 62 grains of sodium bicarbonate to the gallon. Sixteen flowing wells 
and 1 nonflowing are reported from the town of Shubuta, and they range in depth from 
165 to 422 feet. The maximum height to which the water rises above the surface is 30 feet. 
There are two distinct water horizons in the Shubuta wells, both of which yield highly 
alkaline waters. The first horizon, at 165 to 175 feet, yields a clear alkaline water with a 
pressure sufficient to raise it to a maximum height of 15 feet above the surface. The second 
horizon, at about 400 feet, yields a red alkaline water which is typical of all waters coming 
from the uppermost Lisbon beds. The pressure from this level raises the water 20 to 30 
feet above the surface. Well No. 43 is 1 mile east of town, on low ground near the river. 
Well No. 45 is 2| miles north of town. 

Clay County. — The whole surface of Clay County is underlain by the Selma chalk, except 
a narrow strip 2 to 5 miles wide along Tombigbee River on the eastern border. Over the 
entire country the water from the Tuscaloosa-Eutaw horizon will rise in wells to within a 
few feet of the surface. In some localities in the eastern part the water flows over the 
surface. 

The drill in well No. 52 at West Point penetrated more than 500 feet of the Selma, 
beneath which an unusually pure water was obtained. This well has a weak but steady 
flow. Later wells, however, have lowered the height of the water. 

Coahoma County. — The artesian wells from this part of the Yazoo Delta get their flow 
from 700 to 1,000 feet below the surface. There is a marked difference in the pressure and 
quantity of water in some of the wells. 

At 'the town of Clarksdale the city well (No. 53a), which is 876 feet deep, flows a very 
weak stream of 3 gallons per minute. The well at Lyon (No. 55), only 2 miles north, is 
975 feet deep and flows a strong stream of 22 gallons per minute. This well, however, 
obtains its water from the 970-foot level, which is 94 feet lower than the Clarksdale well. 
No doubt the latter would strike the same water at the depth of the Lyon well. An analysis 
of the water from well No. 55 shows 3774.6 parts per million of solids, of which 2738.9 
parts are sodium carbonate. 

Copiah County. — This county is in the region of the Grand Gulf formation, which is in 
places deeply covered by the Lafayette sand and gravel. A high ridge extends north and 
south across the county, separating the waters of the Pearl on the east from those of the 
Mississippi on the west. 



30 UNDERGROUND-WATER RESOURCES OF MISSISSIPPI. 

Water was obtained in well No. 56, at Wesson, at a depth of 120 feet in the lignitic clay 
of the Grand Gulf. It was so highly impregnated with vegetable matter and alkalies as 
to be unfit for drinking purposes. It is stated that a boring 1,100 feet deep near Wesson 
failed to obtain water. The drinking water in this locality is obtained from wells at the 
base of the Lafayette. 

Covington County. — The well waters from Covington County come principally from the 
lower members of the Grand Gulf. There is more or less mineral matter in the water, often 
rendering it undesirable as a constant drinking water. 

De Soto County. — The log of a well in Hernando shows the following relations: Flint 
gravel 45 feet, yellow clay 20 feet, brown shale 25 feet, light-brown shale 55 feet, hard shell 
or hardpan 1 foot, light-gray shale 24 feet, and sand 50 feet. 

The well was made in sand, is 10 inches in diameter, and has a capacity of 150 gallons 
daily. Water is raised by a deep-well pump and stands 20 feet below the surface. The 
quality is about like that of the Memphis water. 

Franklin County. — Shallow wells are obtained in Franklin County from the Lafayette 
and Grand Gulf. Artesian wells are not possible. 

Greene County. — Artesian wells may be obtained along Chickasawhay River, in the eastern 
part of the county. There are as yet no recoi*ds of any deep wells in this county, perhaps 
because of the small population. 

Grenada County. — Grenada County is cut from east to west by Yalobusha River. Along 
the lower course of the river on the eastern edge of the Yazoo Delta there are numerous 
artesian wells. 

The town of Grenada is supplied by deep-well water, which is pumped to a large stand- 
pipe on a hill about 1 mile from town and from there distributed over the city through 
pipes. The hill on which the standpipe is located is about 150 or 175 feet above the city 
and a strong pressure is thereby obtained. 

Hancock County. — Hancock County is the most western county bordering on the Gulf. 
The drainage is toward the south and southwest. The geologic formations belong to the 
post-Tertiary period. The region of flowing wells includes a strip along Mississippi Sound 
5 to 10 miles wide and likewise the region along the Pearl River bottom on the west side of 
the county. 

Twenty-three wells are reported from this county. The temperature of the deeper wells 
is reported to be 78°. Notes on some of these wells are given below. The numbers cor- 
respond with those in the table (pp. 42-45): 

No. 57. This well has no strainer at the bottom and became clogged, its flow diminishing from 50 
gallons per minute to nothing. After partly cleaning, a flow of 15 gallons per minute was obtained, 
but this has now decreased to 8 gallons. 

No. 58. This second college well is located 1.000 feet from the first. The original flow was GO gallons 
per minute, but the well later became entirelj' clogged. A f^ow of 5 gallons is now obtained. 

No. 59. Abundant gravel, similar to that on Bayou de Lisle, 10 miles northeastward, was found at 
40 feet, while at from 175 to 300 feet univalve and clam shells were found. 

No. GO. This is one of the shallowest wells at this point. There are some fluctuations of flow of the 
shallower wells, thought by drillers to be connected with tidal fluctuations. 

No. GJ. This is one of the best wells at Bay St. Louis. The water is used in a canning factory. A 
cypress log was encountered at 90 feet, and many fossil shells at 200 feet. 

No. 62. Jn the winter of 1893-94 this well ceased to flow, but began again in the spring and has con- 
tinued ever since. The flow fluctuates a little with the tide. 

No. 03. Fossil shells were found at 170 feet, but none were preserved. 

No. G4. This well is 16 feet above tide level. It flows at high tide, but not at low. During storms^ 
which raise the water level the flow is greatly increased. 

No. 65. This well does not ordinarily flow, but during storms which raise the water of the Gulf it 
flows freely. 

No. 66. Rotten wood, apparently cypress, was encountered at 100 feet and gravel at 190 feet. Water 
was found at this point, but the well was continued to the second water-bearing stratum at 420 feet. 
The gravel resembles that at Bayou de Lisle, 10 mUes northeast. 

No. 67. A good water horizon was passed through at a considerable distance above the one from 
which the supplj' is now obtained. 

No. 69. This well is located on Bayou Tally, several miles north of town. Fossil shells were found 
at 40 feet, but none were preserved, 



NOTES ON WKLLS, BY (^OUNTIKR. 81 

No. 71. Throo sources of water were found— one under th(> Voy\ Hudson, one under the Lnfayette at 
1.00 feet, and one near the top of the Grand Gulf at 225 f(>et. 

No. 73. The elevation of this well, like piactieally all of thos(> at Wavidand, is ](> I'eet al)ove tide. This 
is the shallowest well at Waveland, the well stopping at the first water-bearing horizon. 

No. 74. Water was ol)tained at ,'"20 feet, hut was supposed to be insufTieient, and the well was con- 
tinued -10 feet into the claj-. 

No. 7".. The stratigraphy shown by the wells in Waveland is similar to that at ]?ay St. Louis. 

No. 7<). West of Bay St. L ouis. 

No. 7S. Tnis well was continued into the clay sevt^'al feet Ix^low the waiter-bearing sand. 

Ilnrrifton Counfij. — This oount}^ ofl'ers a diversity of topographic features. The southern 
part, bordering on Mississippi Sound, is l)ut a few feet above tide. Twenty-five miles from 
the coast the Oulf and Ship Island Railroad reaches an elevation of 270 feet, while the hills 
to the west rise perhaps 100 feet higher. At the northern edge of the county the railroad 
reaches 305 feet elevation. These high hills furnish the outcrop of the geologic formations 
which supply the high-pressure wells along the coast. The entire coast in the southern 
part of the county is perfoi-ated by wells, some of which will force the water 80 feet above 
the surface with a flow of 450 gallons per minute. 

In well No. 102 fossil shells were found at 340 feet, but none were saved. The well 
supplies a large sawmill and furnishes water for the village of Delisle. 

The wells at Pass Christian (Nos. 122-153) are about 16 feet above tide and all have a 
strong flow, which increases with depth. The supply of the deeper wells appears to come 
from fossiliferous beds which Mr. L. C. Johnson has referred to the Pascagoula. The water 
from the shallower wells comes from one or all of the three water-bearing sands above 
the so-called Pascagoula. The temperature of wells 700 feet deep is 71°. 

Hinds County. — The waters of the eastern part of Hinds County flow to Pearl River and 
those of the western part to the Big Black. It is difficult to obtain good drinking water in 
the Jackson and Vicksburg formations, which underlie the surface in the northern part of 
the count}^. More than half of the southern part is underlain by the Grand Gulf formation, 
which is here represented by white to gray sandstone, interbedded with sandy clays and 
unconsolidated sands. The Lafayette covers the surface of the entire county except in 
small areas. 

The high bluffs along Big Black River are covered with loess, which overlies all- the other 
formations. It gradually thins out to the east, becoming so closely blended with the yellow 
loam that the two are inseparable. The transition zone will stand erosion better than the 
unmixed yellow loam". Most of the water in this county is obtained in shallow wells, which 
derive their supply from the base of the Lafayette. 

There are four flowing wells in Jackson. The city well is located on the bank of Pearl 
Rivef, not far from the wagon bridge. The well is 1,168 feet deep and flows a strong 
stream of strongly alkaline, warm water. It is so highly charged with minerals that it is 
not used for any purpose. The source of the water is perhaps the upper Claiborne. The 
temperature of one of the Jackson w^ells, 774 feet deep, is reported by Darton to be 74°. 

The deepest well (No. 157a) in this section is at Bolton. At a depth of 1,020 feet a fine 
stream of excellent drinking water was obtained, which rose to within 80 feet of the surface. 
The well was continued to a depth of 1,517 feet, but no further streams were obtained. At 
a depth of 1,080 feet' the first rocks were found. They occurred in bands 1 to 5 feet thick 
to the bottom of the well. 

Holmes County. — The topography and stratigraphy of Holmes County is very similar to 
that of Carroll on the north. It contains a high north-south ridge near the center and two 
low-lying regions on either side. In both of these low areas arc numerous artesian wells 
deriving their waters from the Claiborne horizon. 

Water was first obtained in the well at Pickens (No. 159) at 160 feet, but it was of poor 
quality. An analysis of the water from the Tchula well (No. 160) shows it to be too alkaline 
for boiler purposes. 

Well No. 162 is located in Attala County, 1 mile from West. It is cased down to solid 
rock of the lower Tallahatta at a depth of 100 feet. The water comes from beneath the hard 
rock. 



32 UKDERGROUND- WATER RESOURCES OF MISSISSIPPI. 

Issaquena County. — Issaquena is a small county bordering on Mississippi River in the 
southern part of the Yazoo Delta. The surface formations are recent river deposits and 
Port Hudson, both of which furnish plenty of surficial waters of a poor quality. The region 
is too far removed to get flowing wells. 

Itawamba County. — The Tuscaloosa sands furnish a large amount of fine water over the 
entire county. There are numerous springs in the western part of the county which issue 
from just above lignite seams and clay beds belonging to the Tuscaloosa. No doubt flowing 
wells could be obtained along Tombigbee River, but none are reported. 

Jackson County. — The eastern and western parts of Jackson County rise to an elevation 
of about 300 feet. The central part along Pascagoula River is but a few feet above tide. 
Like the other two coast counties, the southern part of Jackson has a large number of flow- 
ing wells. Twenty wells are reported from Jackson County, and the following notes are 
given in addition to the data in the table (p. 48-51) : 

No. 1G3. Fossil shells were found at 640 feet. 

No. 164. Fossil shells of the Pascagoula were found at 500 feet. The formation is here probably about 
100 feet thick. 

No. 166. This well goes 300 feet below the base of the Pascagoula, assuming the latter to have its nor- 
mal thickness. It does not, however, reach the Jackson or Vieksburg formations. Mr. L. C. Johnson 
considers that it may end in the Chiekasawhay Miocene beds. 

No. 167. This well was bored for oil. At 680 feet it passed through a thin bed of gray sandstone, 
probably at the base of the Grand Gulf. The water at this level was of a brownish color and flowed 50 
gallons to the minute, but was cased otf. Woody matter was encountered at 720 feet. The well is 
located 4 miles north of Moss Point. 

No. 168. Most of the city is supplied from this well. 

No. 171. The water of wells of this depth is better than that from the deeper wells. 

No. 177. The horizon of the water bed is fixed by fossils. 

No, 178. This well is used for irrigation. 

No. 179. This well was begun for oil, but was abandoned because of the sticking of the drill. It still 
flows considerably, although the main water horizon at 900 feet was cased off. Fossils of the Pasca- 
goula horizon were encountered below 900 feet. Some wood, lignite, and pyrite were also found. 

No. 180. It is probable that the water supply is from a sand bed 40 to 50 feet above the Pascagoula 
marl. 

No. 182. Fossil shells of the Pascagoula formation were found below 600 feet. 

Jasper County. — There are 10 wells reported from the town of Paulding, with an average 
depth of about 80 feet. The water rises only 10 feet in the wells. At a depth of 90 feet the 
Jackson marls are reached. Water coming from the base of the Lafayette is reported to be 
good and soft, while wells bored into the Jackson have hard water. The wells are bored 
with a hand auger. 

Jefferson County. — No wells reported. 

Jones County. — The Grand Gulf clays underlie the entire county. The more sandy clays 
are water-bearing, but the southward slope of the land is so gentle that the water does not 
rise to the surface except in the southern portion of the county. It rises to within 40 feet 
of the surface at Laurel (No. 184) and to 20 feet at Ellisville, which is 7^ miles farther south. 
If the dip of the water horizon is constant, the water should rise to the surface in wells 8 
miles south of Ellisville, provided, of course, the elevation is no higher than at Ellisville. 

Well No. 186, at Laurel, obtained its first water at 65 feet, and water was found at various 
levels until the large supply was reached at 370 feet. The well is cased for 250 feet, the 
lower 20 feet being brass screen. 

Water has been obtained at Ellisville at 70 feet, clearly within the Grand Gulf; and again 
at 500 feet, possibly at the base of the Grand Gulf, but this is not certain. In neither case 
did the head force the water to the surface. 

Kemper County. — In the eastern part of the county deep-well water, perhaps flowing, can 
be obtained from the Tuscaloosa-Eutaw horizon by penetrating the Selma chalk. In the 
western part numerous shallow wells are obtained at the base of the Lafayette. In some 
places, where the Lafayette has been cut through, bold springs of pure, soft water are found. 

Lafayette County. — This county occupies the central portion of the Wilcox area. In gen- 
eral there is a thin layer of Lafayette overlain by a thicker mantle of the Columbia loam, 



NOTES ON WELLS, BY COUNTIES. 33 

which reaches a maximum tliickncss of 20 feet. In the eastern and particularly in the 
southeastern part of the county are numerous outcrops of lignite veir» along the streams. 

The county is traversed from east to west by two large rivers, the Yocona on the south 
and the Tallahatchie on the north. The principal water supply is obtained from the heavy- 
bedded sands in the Wilcox. 

Lamar County. — This has recently been formed from Marion County, and the wells are 
discussed under that head. 

Lauderdale Covnty. — The high line of hills forming the divide between the Tombigbee and 
Chickasawhay basins extends in a southeast-northwest direction across the central part < f 
the county. The Wilcox and Claiborne strata, outcropping to the south and west, form 
the catchment area for the artesian wells in the southern portion of Lauderdale and Clarke 
counties. 

From well No. 190, at Lauderdale, 35,000 gallons were pumped in a five-hour test. There 
is some iron in the water, but it can be used in boilers. The drill passed through solid beds 
at about 70 feet below the surface, presumably Wilcox. In No. 192 water was first obtained 
at 135 feet, but it was from a bed of lignite and was of poor quality. The well stopped in 
a soft, yielding clay which caved badly. The water from well No. 194, coming from the 
Wilcox, is very hard, but is used in locomotives. The well has yielded 7,000 gallons per 
hour. 

Well No. 196, at Meehan Junction, passes through the Tallahatta bmhrstone and into the 
Wilcox sands. Only 60 feet of casing are used. 

Well No. 197 was the second well bored in Meridian. The flow is said to be abundant, 
but the amount has never been measured. It is located near Okatibbee Creek, 62 miles 
northwest of the courthouse and on much lower ground. Well No. 199 is the public well in 
one of the streets. A hydraulic motor pumps a small stream from this well, in which the 
water is chalybeate. The water from well No. 201 is a mineral water, but is distilled for 
making ice. The flow is ample for the purpose, some of the water being used for drinking 
supplies. 

Wells Nos. 202 and 203, at Siding, obtain their supply from the buhrstone. The flow is 
greatly increased by drilling about 20 feet deeper than the buhrstone and putting in a longer 
strainer, as other wells in the vicinity also show. 

Lawrence County. — The only formations outcropping in Lawrence County are the Grand 
Gulf clays and the overlying Lafayette. Pearl River crosses the entire county from north 
to south. 

The water supply comes from both the Lafayette and the Grand Gulf, but the greater 
number of wells get their supply from the latter at a depth of 50 to 75 feet. The Grand Gulf 
water here, as at many other places, is hard, but is considered wholesome. No flowing wells 
are reported from this county. 

LeaTce County. — Two shallow wells from the Lafayette are reported from Leake County. 
The Tallahatta buhrstone outcrops in the eastern part and furnishes a large amount of good 
water, but the supply has not been developed. Flowing wells are possible along Pearl River 
at moderate depths, particularly west of Carthage. 

Lee County. — The Selma chalk forms the surface rock over the western and the Eutaw 
over the eastern part of the county. The slope of the surface is southeast, or about parallel 
to the strike of the strata. The artesian waters at Tupelo, Verona, Plantersville, and other 
places over the county come from the Eutaw sands, which outcrop in the hills to the east. 

The first wells at Tupelo were drilled in the town and had a strong flow. Later, however, 
numerous wells along the near-by creek and at the United States fishery have been drilled 
at a lower elevation, and the water in the town wells has been lowered below the surface. 
Water is obtained in the United States fishery at a depth of 325 feet. There are six of these 
wells, which supply the water for the various fish ponds and for domestic use. 

The water coming from the Eutaw contains more or less iron oxide, and where th^ Selma 
chalk is not cased ofl the water is high m lime carbonate. Where the wells are cased to tho 
bottom the water is normally soft and wholesome. 



34 UNDERGROUND-WATER RESOURCES OE MISSISSIPPI. 

Well No. 210 is near the eastern edge of the Selma chalk. The first water obtained at 125 
feet rose to within 10 feet of the surface. The next horizon was at 250 feet and the water 
rose to within 3 inches of the surface. The last water was at 322 feet and flowed weakly. 

Leflore County. — Leflore County borders the eastern edge of the Yazoo delta about half- 
way between Vicksburg and the Tennessee line. The highest altitude does not exceed 175 
feet. In the adjacent county to the east the hills rise to a maximum height of 550 feet. The 
sands furnishing the strongly flowing wells in Leflore County come to the surface in the Car- 
roll County hills and in those farther east. The conditions are thus very favorable for 
obtaining a large supply of flowing water. Leflore is one of the counties of the delta where 
the well drillers will guarantee a flowing-well. 

In well No. 217, at Greenwood, the first water was obtained at 340 feet, the next at 450, 
and a third at 600 feet, all of which are utilized by means of perforations in the pipe at the 
proper points. Hard rock, belonging perhaps to the Tallahatta buhrstone, was reported at 
a depth of 200 feet. 

The following generalized section of the wells in and near Minter City was given by Mr. 
Feigler, a sucessful driller of this region: Subsoil 10 feet, sand and silt 100 feet, gravel 5 to 
60 feet, sand 80 feet, soapstone and pipe clay interbedded with sand to the bottom of the 
wells, which range from 420 to 690 feet in depth. The quality of the artesian water from 
this county is considered excellent by those using it. 

Below is a generalized section of the wells at Greenwood which receive their water from the 
Claiborne: Brown clay 20 feet, common sand 130 feet, coarse gravel 130 to 150 feet, gray 
sand 130 to 160 feet, fine "sea sand" 160 to 190 feet, gray sand 190 to 220 feet, soapstone or 
clay 220 to 300 feet, sand 300 to 380 feet, dark-brown hardpan 380 to 460 feet, and sand rock 
for about 20 feet, below which is a stratum of flint rock always about 8 inches thick. Water 
is found below this rock in dark-green sand. 

Lincoln County. — This county, like Copiah, its northern neighbor, contains the elevated 
watershed between Pearl and Mississippi rivers, extending in a north-south direction near 
the center of the county. The uppermost bed of the Grand Gulf formation is here an imper- 
vious clay which checks the water collecting in the Lafayette and provides a fine supply of a 
soft, wholesome quality. Wells penetrating the compact clay of the upper Grand Gulf 
obtain abundant water at various horizons. No flowing wells are reported. 

Lowndes County. — Tombigbee River approximately marks the division between the out- 
crop of the Eutaw sands and the Selma chalk. There are in Lowndes County 140 wells, 15 
of which are in the city of Columbus. On the east side of the river they all flow, and on the 
west side they rise to a convenient pumping height. In the river valley it is necessary to 
bore only 200 to 300 feet for water. One well at Columbus 400 feet deep is reported to have 
a temperature of 70°. 

Madison County. — Big Black and Pearl rivers form, respectively, the southeast and 
northwest boundaries of Madison County, and opposite Canton they approach within 16 
miles of each other. The divide between the two rivers is quite narrow, with a long slope 
to the Big Black and a short steeper slope to the Pearl. 

A large part of the county lies sufficiently low to have artesian wells. Flowing wells 
should be obtained anywhere along the Pearl River bottom on the east, and also along the 
Big Black at a maximum depth of 1,000 feet. At the same maximum depth flowing wells 
should be obtained anywhere along the Illinois Central Railroad north of Calhoun, with 
possibly the exception of Davis station, north of Canton. 

The fine, wholesome water obtained in the Bolton well at a depth of 1,080 feet can be 
struck in southwestern Madison County at about 800 feet and less, and in many places it will 
rise to the surface. At the town of Canton good water was obtained at 460 feet which rose 
to within 40 feet of the surface. The water in the city waterworks well (No. 226), which is 
1,020 feet deep, is called soft, but has a mineral taste and odor. Its temperature is 74°. 

Marion County. — Artesian wells are easily obtained in Marion County along the low-lying 
land adjacent to Pearl River. There are a large number of wells, with an average depth of 
425 feet, in and near the town of Columbia. The water is mineralized, containing sulphur, 
iron, and sodium, but it is considered soft and is used for domestic purposes. 



NOTES ON \VP:LLS, BY COUNTIES. 85 

Marshall County. — The hi(>:h olovation of this county makes it impossible to get flowing 
wells, except perhaps along Tallahatchie River in the southeast corner. There is, however, 
an abundant water supply Tor all ordinary purposes in the Lafay(4te and the underlying 
Wilcox sands. 

The Wilcox sands here are often unconsolidated and thus form a natural filter for the 
storm waters. On account of the porosity of the sand and the readiness with which the 
water sinks into the earth, care should be taken in locating wells in the towns and in places 
where the surface water is apt to become contaminated. Filtering water is not sufficient to 
remove from it the typhoid germs. 

Monroe County. — The western part of Monroe Count}^ is underlain by the Selma chalk,the 
eastern half by the Tuscaloosa, and a narrow strip along Tombigbee River by the Eutaw. 
The highest part of the county is in the Tuscaloosa, which is the source of the artesian waters 
to the west. The water-bearing sands have a west to southwest dip of about 30 to 35 feet to 
the mile. 

A well near Caledonia (No. 233) had a most remarkable flow, the water rising with such 
force that it was found impracticable to put down any casing. Enough sand and clay was 
washed out to obstruct Buttahatchie River. The well finally clogged itself and ceased to 
flow. Two others of like dimensions were bored by the same owner with similar results. 

Flowing wells are obtained along the valley of the Tombigbee at a depth of about 300 feet. 
In the prairie region to the west the water rises to within 60 to 75 feet of the surface but does 
not flow. 

Montgomery County. — The eastern part of Montgomery County marks the eastern border 
of the Tallahatta buhrstone. The hills, however, are not sufficiently high to get flowing 
wells over the western part of the county. There is a pa33ibility of getting flowing wells in 
the southeastern part, along Big Black River. 

The water from the deep wells in Winona is unusually pure and valuable for drinking pur- 
poses and for use in boilers. The following interesting log of one of these deep wells (No. 
235) was kept by Mr. R. A. Allison: 

Log of deep well in Winona, Miss. 

Feet. 

Soil and clay 25 

Orange-colored sand 10 

" Blue marl "( ?) 40 

Lignite 5 

Quicksand ■ . . 15 

Black clay '. 50 

Coarse sand and fair supply of water 10 

Lignite 10 

" Blue marl " (?) 35 

Fine sand 15 

Clay 10 

Q uicksand : 60 

Clay 40 

Fine sand, coarse on top 25 

Brown clay 35 

Coarse, water-bearing sand, with gravels at top .--. 27 

Total depth 412 

The temperature of the water is 65° F. The 50-foot bed of black clay beginning at a depth 
of 95 feet below the surface is the heavy bed of black clay at or near the top of the Wilcox. 
At the town of Grenada, 24 miles north of Winona, the black clay shows in the bank of Yalo- 
busha River. At the top of the high hill 4 miles west of Grenada the hard quartzitic sand- 
stone of the Tallahatta forms the cap rock. The same Tallahatta buhrstone is found in the 
hills west of Vaiden. The heavy bed of black clay coming at or near the top of the Wilcox 
can be traced from Winona, Miss., in well sections and outcrops to Memphis, Tenn. 

Neshoha County. — No artesian wells have been reported in Neshoba County. Good shal- 
low-well water is obtained in the Lafayette, while water at a greater depth may be had at th(> 
base of the Claiborne in the southwestern part of- the county. 



36 UNDERGKOUND-WATER RESOURCES OF MISSISSIPPI. 

Newton County. — There are five different geologic formations represented in Newton 
County. The Wilcox and Tallahatta buhrstone are in the northeastern portion, the Lisbon 
beds in the center, and the Jackson calcareous clays in the southwest. The Lafayette over- 
lies all these formations. 

There are a number of flowing wells in the southeast corner along Chickasawhay River, 
which obtain their supply from the buhrstone. At the town of Chunke}^ the wells are cased 
only to the buhrstone, which in well No. 238 was at 16 feet. 

An analysis of the water from well No. 242,. at Hickory, shows the principal mineral 
ingredients to be sodium, calcium, and magnesium bicarbonates, but the water is not 
decidedly alkaline. 

Noxubee County. — The greater part of the surface of Noxubee County is a rolling prairie 
sloping southeastward to Tombigbee River. Flowing wells are obtained along the valleys 
of Tombigbee and Oaknoxubee rivers. Over the remaining part of the Selma prairie 
water will rise to within good pumping distance of the surface. Mr. Ladd, of Macon, who 
-has been in the well business for fifty years, reports that water will in general rise to an alti- 
tude of 218 feet above sea level in this region. The dip of the beds is reported to be 25 feet 
to the mile south westward. 

The water from well No. 249, at Macon, is alkaline and gives trouble in the boilers if used 
when fresh, but after standing it can generally be used. 

There are three wells (No. 250) on the farm of Mr. Dent, 10 miles east of Macon, which 
average 650 feet in depth, and nearly everyplantation has one or more. 

OTctihheha County. — The western border of the Selma prairies is in the central part of this 
county. The Porters Creek clays and Wilcox formation come to the surface in the western 
half. The Lafayette covers but a small part, chiefly in the west. The great thickness of 
the Selma, which is barren of water, makes it difficult to get good water. Artesian water 
is obtained in the northeast corner at a depth of about 300 feet. At Starkville, 11 miles 
southwest of Muldrow, water is obtained at a depth of 900 feet, which shows a westward dip 
of the strata of 33 feet to the mile. The water in the Starkville well (No. 253) rises to within 
130 feet of the surface. 

Well No. 254, at the Agricultural and Mechanical College, has a 100-foot Cook strainer. 
The first water was from a 50-foot bed of sand, beneath which is a stratum of clay 10 feet 
thick, and a layer of sand 35 feet thick. The strainer extends through both water-bearing 
strata. 

Panola County. — The high hills of the Wilcox formation occupy the eastern part of Panola 
County, and the low-lying Port Hudson satids and clays the western part. The source of 
the artesian water is the Wilcox sands, which outcrop in the hills east of Oxford. The Port 
Hudson here, as at all other places in the Yazoo Delta, furnishes a large supply of impure 
surficial water. 

The only flowing wells reported are in the town of Batesville. The city well (No. 255) 
flows a strong stream of water which has stained the pipe and trough with iron oxide. It 
is used for general domestic purposes and is considered a wholesome drinking water. 

Pearl River County. — The population of this county is very small and the water resources 
are undeveloped. 

Perry County. — Perry is one of the few counties of southern Mississippi, except the Gulf 
coast counties, which have artesian wells. A large number of flowing wells, ranging in 
depth from 325 to 380 feet, have been drilled in and near Hattiesburg. Very little effort 
has been made to get flowing wells in other portions of the county. In the eastern part, 
along Leaf River and its northern tributaries, flowing wells should be obtained at about the 
same horizon as those at Hattiesburg. 

The town of Hattiesburg is supplied with water from flowing wells, one 4 inches and 
another 6 inches in diameter, the water being pumped from a reservoir through the town. 
This water is alkaline and chalybeate. 

Pike County. — In the greater part of this county the Lafayette lies deep on the Grand 
Gulf clays. Wherever the former is cut through by erosion large springs occur. 



NOTES ON WELLS, BY COUNTIES. 37 

Pontotoc County. — The uppermost formation of the Cretaceous comes to the surface in 
the eastern part of Pontotoc County, and the lower Tertiary appears in the west. The 
Ripley sands are water bearing. Along the headwaters of Tallahatchie River, in the north- 
central part, flowing wells are obtained. Over the remainder of the county the elevation of 
the country lying west of the catchment area of the Ripley sands is too great to get flowing 
wells, except, perhaps, along the headwaters of Shooner River, in the southwestern part. 

Eff"orts have been made to get flowing wells at the town of Pontotoc, but without success. 
It should be remembered that this town is located on the crest of Pontotoc Ridge, the north- 
ern extension of which is the source of the flowing wells in the vicinity of Ecru. Pontotoc 
is more than 100 feet higher than Ecru, where the water rises only to the surface. It is 
very improbable, therefore, that flowing water could be obtained at Pontotoc. Considering 
the dip of the underlying Cretaceous to be constant, good pumping water from the Tusca- 
loosa-Eutaw horizon may be expected at a depth of 893 feet, and it should rise to within 
250 feet of the surface. The same water in the southern part of the county would be obtained 
at a still greater depth. 

Prentiss County. — The high east-west ridge across this county makes it impossible to get 
flowing wells anywhere within it. Good pumping water could be obtained from the Tus- 
caloosa sands, at a maximum depth of 500 feet, in the vicinity of Booneville. The water 
would rise to within about 260 feet of the surface, and perhaps less, depending on the ele- 
vation of the catchment area to the east. 

Quitman County. — The Wilcox sands, which furnish the flowing wells at Batesville, con- 
tinue their westward dip of about 16 feet to the mile, and in Quitman County the wells range 
in depth from 636 to 860 feet. One well furnishes 100 gallons per minute from a 2J-inch 
pipe. One of the deep wells at Riverside (No. 278) has the following interesting log: 

Log of well at Riverside. 

Feet. 

9. Sand and silt 40 

8. Blue mud 45 

7. Water-bearing sand .- 50 

6. Gravel sand 40 

5. Soapstone alternating with sand 220 

4. Rock 1 

3. Soapstone and rock 50 

2. Green sand to lignite which is 10 inches thick 10 

1. Soapstone containing mica and white sand 180 

Total depth 636 

Nos. 1 to 5, inclusive, are strata in the Wilcox, while the upper 175 feet belong to the 
Port Hudson formation. The 370 feet represented by Nos. 3, 4, and 5 are the upper clay 
of the Wilcox, which is shown in the Memphis well and outcrops in the river bed at Grenada. 

Rankin County. — Flowing wells are not possible in this county, except along Pearl River. 
Wells in the southern part of the county are supplied from the Grand Gulf formation. The 
water is often strongly mineral, as it comes from lignitic clays and sands. Strong springs 
are common in the western part of the county. Some of these spring waters are hauled to 
Jackson in large demijohns and sold for drinking water. 

Scott County.— AhoMt half of this county is prairie land of the Jackson formation. The 
town of Forest is in a belt of level land or ''flat woods," 5 to 10 miles wide, running from 
the southeast to the northwest corner of the county. When water is found in this prairie 
soil it is very unsatisfactory for drinking, as it contains a large amount of lime. At Forest 
one well is reported to be 520 feet deep. This failed during the fall of 1903 and a new one 
was drilled later. Here and there over the prairie are hills and ridges covered with rem- 
nants of the Lafayette, which furnish excellent water in shallow wells and springs. Good 
deep-well water can be obtained from the Claiborne horizon at 500 to 700 feet. In some 
sections of the county the water will rise very near the surface. 

SharJcey County. — No wells are reported. Flowing wells are not to be obtained. Good 
wholesome water from the Claiborne horizon would be reached at about 1,500 feet. 



38 UNDERGROUND- WATER RESOURCES OF MISSISSIPPI. 

Simpson County. — Water is obtained from the Grand Gulf and the Lafayette. Flowing • 
wells could doubtless be obtained along Pearl River at a maximum depth of 500 feet. 

Smith County. — The elevation is high and the water is poor in the northern part of the 
county. Flowing well^ from the lower Grand Gulf are obtained in the southeastern part, 
in the vicinity of Taylorsville. The deepest (No. 281) in the county has a depth of l,135ieet. 
The strata passed through are as follows (no thicknesses are given): Surface clay, sand, 
blue sand mixed with sand, sand rock, blue mud, and sand. Water was obtained in white 
sand. 

Sunflower County. — Onl}'- two wells have been reported from Sunflower County. The 
temperature of the Moorhead well (No. 287) is 60° ( ?). The Claiborne horizon lies at a depth 
of more than 1,000 feet in the western part of the county, and the water will not generally 
rise above the surface. In eastern Sunflower County it is possible to get good flowing wells 
at about 900 to 950 feet. In boring for w^ater a depth of 900 feet on the eastern l)order of 
the county should be counted on, with an additional 25 feet for each mile to the west. 

Tallahatchie County.— This county, like Leflore County, which lies just south of it, has 
high hi'ls in the adjoining county to the east. Drillers say that it is more difficult to obtain 
flowing wells in Tallahatchie than in Leflore County. This is perhaps due to two causes. 
The artesian water in Leflore comes from the Claiborne horizon, while that in Talla- 
hatchie comes from the Wilcox. There is also a possibility that the water-bearing sands 
underlying Tallahatchie County may be much finer and mixed with clay, which would 
make the water horizon less certain. 

Tate County. — No artesian wells are found in Tate County. The wells in the eastern 
edge of the Yazoo Delta in this county along Coldwater River have the following general 
section: Surface clay 15 to 20 feet, gravel 12 to 15 feet, red sand merging into white sand, 
below which come pipe clay and water-bearing sand. East of the delta good shallow 
wells and springs are found at the base of the Lafayette. 

Tippah County. — The eastern part of Tippah County has a north-south line of high 
hills in which the Ripley formation outcrops. This formation furnishes fine water, which 
has not been found to rise above the surface. There is a possibility of getting flowing 
wells on Tippah Creek, in the western part of the county. 

The outcrop of the Midway limestone is marked by a line of springs, the water of which 
is chalybeate. It obtains its iron in passing through the sandy marl lying above the 
limestone. 

Tishomingo County. — This county contains numerous springs along the contact of the 
older Devonian and Carboniferous rocks with the lower Cretaceous. The luka Springs 
are noted for their curative properties. 

Tunica County. — Flowing wells can be obtained in the eastern half of Tunica County at 
a maximum depth of 875 feet. The water will probably not rise above the surface along 
the western border, but will reach within an easy pumping distance. 

Union County. — Central Union and north-central Pontotoc counties contain a small 
area of artesian wells. The source of the water is the lower Ripley sands on the west 
slope of Pontotoc Ridge, in the eastern part of these counties. The catchment area of 
the Ripley is comparatively limited, and the head of the water hais been considerably 
lowered by increasing the number of wells. The first wells at New Albany had a very 
high pressure, but most of them now have to be pumped. Water is generally reached at 
a depth of less than 250 feet. 

Warren County. — Only one deep well is reported from Warren County. This is the 
Vicksburg well, which is 1,060 feet deep, and in which, when it was completed, the water 
rose to the surface. Wells south of Vicksburg obtain their supply from the Grand Gulf 
and the Lafayette; those north of the town from the Lafayette only. 

Washington County. — No flowing wells are reported from Washington County. The 
western part is too far removed from the sources of the water to obtain flowing wells, 
but artesian wells should be obtained in the eastern part at a marimum depth of 1,200 
feet and perhaps less. Flowing wells are obtained at Tchula, in central Holmes County 



NOTES ON VVKLLS, HV OorNTIKS. 39 

at a depth of about 770 feet. If wc assume a westward dip of 2/3 feet per niilc, the same 
water can be readied al Belzona at about 1,150 feet. 

The following log was given of the deep well (No. 307) at Leland. This well is 512 feet 
in depth and rises to within 14 feet of the surface. 

Lo() of deep well at Lelaiid. 

I'Y'ot. 

Buckshot clay 2 

Fine sund 138 

Hard gravoi 14 

Hard blue clay 2ii8 

Coarse gray saiid GO 

512 

Water was obtained in the last 60 feet of sand. In the 298 feet of hard clay there were 
six different strata of rock from 6 inches to 2 feet thick. The driller reports that these 
rock strata are persistenc over this region of the Yazoo Delta. In some wells ten or twelve 
different s'::ra'a are found, and in others not more than three or four. The maximum 
thickness of these rocks is 4 feet. The driller further says that the hard gravel is very 
persistent, is always found at about the same depth, and is never less than 10 nor more 
than 14 feet thick. The water carries 9 grains of solid matter to the gallon, 7 grains being 
soda. 

Wayne County. — There are numerous flowing wells along Chickasawhay River in Wayne 
County. The water comes from the Claiborne horizon and is usually red and of an alka- 
line character. 

Well No. 309, at Waynesboro, yields red water, which contains 72 grains of sodium 
carbonate to the gallon and considerable iron. All the wells at Waynesboro start in a 
thin sandy layer, possibly Lafayette, which rests upon the Vicksburg, and reach the lower 
Lisbon beds, from which they obtain red water. 

Webster County. — No deep wells are reported. Water is supplied from shallow wells. 

Wilkinson County. — No deep wells are reported. Water is supplied from shallow open 
wells. 

Winston County. — Plenty of water is obtained from the Wilcox, but at many localities 
it is very bad, owing to the great amount of lignitic clay. 

Yalobusha County. — There are two artesian areas in Yalobusha County, one in the vicin- 
ity of Cofifeeville and the other at Water Valley, but there are, no doubt, other undeveloped 
areas along the low^er streams. The source of the artesian water at the above-mentioned 
places is the lower division of the Wilcox. 

There are eight flowing wells in the town of Coffeeville and three others near the city 
limits. They range in depth from 160 to 400 feet. The log of well No. 315 showed 40 
feet of surface sand; 100 feet of greensand; then gravel, lignite, and sand to water, which 
was obtained at 238 feet. Where the water-bearing sand was encountered, the drill 
dropped 8 or 9 feet into it. This is a white sulphur water and is said to be wholesome. 

Wells are easily obtained in Shooner River Valley, and the drillers guarantee a flowing 
well at a cost of $100. 

Yazoo County. — One of the deepest wells (No. 319) in the State was recently drilled at 
Yazoo. It failed to get flowing water at a depth of 1,567 feet, though there are flowing 
wells in the town of less than half that depth. The temperature of one of the flowing 
wells southw^est of town is reported to be 70° F. 



40 



UNDERGROU]S^D-WATER RESOURCES OF MISSISSIPPI. 



DEEP-TV^ELL RECORDS 

Partial list of deep wells 
[Reported to the United 



County. 



Adams. 



.do. 
.do. 
.do. 

.do. 
.do. 
.do. 

.do. 



....do.. 
Alcorn. 



do.. 

Attala.. 
Bolivar. 

do.. 

do.. 

Carroll.. 



.do. 
.do. 



....do 

Chickasaw... 



.do. 



Choctaw.. 
Claiborne. 

Clarke 

.,-.do.... 
.,-.do.... 



.-do. 
-.do. 
-.do. 
..do. 
.....do. 

.., -do. 
..do. 
..do. 



Town. 



Natchez . 



.do. 
.do. 
.do. 

.do. 
.do. 
.do. 

.do. 



Pine Ridgp 
Corinth.., - 



Owner. 



....do 

Kosciusko . 
Cleveland.. 



....do. ... 
O'Reilly .. 
CarroUton . 



-do. 
.do. 



Vaiden... 
Okolona. 



.do. 



Chester 

Hermanville.. 

Barnett 

....do 

De Soto 



Enterprise 

....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 



do 

Quitman 

....do 



Waterworks Co 

Oil mills 

Gas Company 

Electric Light, Heat 
and Power Co. 

C.S.Bennett 

Cotton mills No. 2. . 

Natchez ice factory 



.do. 



W. P.Henderson. 
E.S.Candler 



Waterworks Co. 

A. M. Hanua 

Sillers & Owens. 



C. S. Glassco. 

O'Reilly 

A. H. George. 



City 

Waterworks Co. 



S.E Turner. 
City 



Mobile and Ohi 
Railroad. 

J.T. McCaflferty.. 

W. G. Herrington. 

A. Krouse 

Smith's Mill Co.. 

Town 



do 

R.M.Buckley. 
John Kemper . 

Bonny 

S.J.Taylor... 



Mrs. OTerral 
J. B. Evans... 



Mississippi Lumber 
Co. 



Location. 



17 



1899 
1902 
1902 

1902 

1896 
1900 

1903 
1899 
1901 

1901 

1901 



1900 
1900 
1901 



1892 
1878 
1899 
1902 



1895 
1896 
1901 
1901 
1900 

1900 
1898 
1899 



ft 

ft 



o3 



O u 



Feet. 
340 

170 
165 
430 

115 
175 

517 

300 

97 
100 

345 

276 

1,000 

1,000 

1,002 

85 

1,250 
400 

105 
550 

548 

86 

86 

350 

600 

190 

156 
198 
150 
200 
210 

400 
232 
179 



Feet. 



115 



500 
264 



200 
1,000 

1,000 



70 

300 
450 
400 

105 
550 



75 
125 



150 



210 

210 
232 
179 



* See text, pp. 27-29, for additional data. 



DEEP-WELL RECORDS. 



41 



IX MISSISSIPPI. 

in the State of Mississippi. 
State.-; Geological Survey.] 



How ob- 
tained at 
surface. 


Quality. 


i 

3 
C 

E 

u 

a 
1 


Increase or 

decrease of 

supply. 


P^ffect of pump- 
ing on level 
of water. 


Geologic 
horizon of 
well mouth. 


Geologic hori- 
zon of principal 
water-bearing 
stratum. 


No. 


Pump 

do 


Hard... 


Gals. 


None appar- 
ent. 
Neither 


None apparent. 
". .do 


Lafayette. . . 

Loess 

do 


Grand Gulf 

Base of Lafayette 

Lafayette 

Grand Gulf 

Lafayette 

Grand Gulf 

do 


*1 


do 




*2 


do 






do 




3 


.do 






None appar- 
ent. 

Neither 




do 


*4 


Bucket 

Pump 

do 

Compressed 
air. 

Bucket 

Pump 

do 

do 


Good 






do 


5 


Hard 




do 


Little. . . . 


do 


6 


....do... 
Good... 
Hard 


50 
70 


None appar- 
ent. 

. . do 


None apparent, 
.do . . 


Lafayette. . . 


7 


do 


do 


8 




Easily lowered. 
None apparent. 

do 

Little 


Loess 

Lafayette. . . 

do 

Claiborne... 

Port Hud- 
son. 

Alluvial 
bottom. 

Port Hud- 
son. 


Lafayette 

Eutaw. ... 


*9 


....do... 

....do... 
....do... 


20 
100 
75 

100 

100 


None appar- 
ent. 

do 

do 

None 


*10 


Tuscaloosa 

Wilcox 


*11 
*12 


Flows 

do 


Soft 

do. .. 




. ...do 


13 


None appar- 
ent. 


None apparent. 


Claiborne 

Wilcox 


14 


do 


do... 


15 


Bucket 


do. 


None appar- 
ent. 






16 








62 




Lafayette? . 

Alluvial 
bottom. 


Claiborne 

do 


*17 


Flows 

do 


Soft 

....do... 


None appar- 
ent. 

Neither. 




*18 






19 


Compressed 
air. 

Pump 


....do... 


138 


None appar- 
ent. 


None apparent. 


Cretaceous.. 




*20 


..do 


*26a 


Pulley 

Bucket . 


Hard . . . 


i 


do 


Easily lowered. 
None 


do 

do 


Wilcox 


21 


Grand Gulf 

Claiborne 

..do 


*21a 


None 










Jackson 

do 


*22 


do 










*23 


Flows 

do 

Pump . .. 


Soft, al- 
kaline. 

Soft.... 

.. do 


15 






Claiborne... 


....do 


*24 


Slight 




Alluvial soil 


Wilcox 


*25 


Decreased 

Little 


Lowers easily. . 


do 


*26 


Flows 


....do... 






..do 


27 


do 


....do... 




do 




Lafayette. . . 


do 


28 


Pump . .. 


. do 




Decreased 
slightly. 

Decreased 

Variable 


Slight 


do 


do 


*29 


do 


do 




Easily lowered. 
do 


do.. 

do 


do 

....do 


30 


Flows 


do. .. 


3 
3 


*31 


do 


....do... 




...,.do. ....,,.. 


do 


do 


32 

















42 



UNDERGROUND- WATER RESOURCES OF MISSISSIPPI. 



DEEP-AYELL REC ORDS 

Partial list o^'" deep wells 



County. 



Owner. 



Location. 



Clarke. 

do. 

do. 



.do 

.do 

.do 

-do 

.do 



Clay. 



do... 

Coahoma. 



....do... 
....do... 



do... 

Copiah... 
Grenada. 
Hancock. 



do... 

....do... 



....do... 



.do. 
.do. 
.do. 



Quitman 
Shubuta. 
....do... 



.do 

.do.. 

.do 

.do 

.do 



do.... 

do ... 

Stonewall. 



West Point.. 

Cedar Bluffs . 
Eagles Nest.. 

Clarksdale 

Jonestown. .. 



Lyon 

Wesson 

Grenada 

Bay St. Louis 



Town. . 

do.. 

Weems. 



W. P. Cooper... 
W. H. Paterson. 
F.H. Floyd.... 

D.C.Ward 

W.P.Cooper... 



Moseley. 



Patterson 

Cooper's mill. 

Stovall 

A.Johnston.. 
Eggerton 



25 



Floyd Hotel... 
Poole & Brown. 



Brown's mill 

Leggett 

T. L. Wainwright. 



3 15E 



City. 



.do 



James L. Alcorn's 
estate. 

Town, 

Geo. Richberger 



Lamar Fontaine . . . . 
Dr. E. A. Rowan. .. . 

City 

College 



27 N 



....do 

R.E.Craig. 



G.W.Dunbar Sons' 
Co. 

do 

Dr. F. Loeber 



McClyde Turpen- 
tme Co. 



text, pp. 28-30, for additional data. 



1901 

1902 
1900 
1901 
1902 
1900 

1901 

1901 
1897 
1900 
1896 
1900 

1899 

1900 

1901 
1902 
1897 

1895 



3W 

8E 



1897 
1902 



1901 
1890 



1892 
1901 



1890 
1903 



Feet. 
175 
400 
422 

420 
400 
400 
170 
165 

175 

160 
145 
165 
280 

175 

165 

175 

165 
170 
300 



650 

825 

876 
800 

975 
120 
020 

738 

750 
529 

250 

338 
669 
328 



Feet. 
175 



375 
400 
400 



160 



260 



250 
600 

650 

825 

876 
700 

970 
120 
490 



656 



DEEP-WELL RECORDS. 



43 



IN AtlSSISSIPPI— Continued. 

in the State of Mississippi — Continued. 



How ob- 
tained at 
surface. 


Quality. 


3 

m 


Increase or 

decrease of 

supply. 


Effect of pump- 
ing on level 
of water. 


Geologic 
horizon of 
well mouth. 


Geologic hori- 
zon of principal 
water-bearing 
stratum. 


No. 


Flows 

do 


Soft.... 
do 


Gals. 

3 

20 


Variable 




Lafayette . . 

Jackson 

Jackson 

do 


Wilcox 


*33 


Decreased 




Claiborne 

Claiborne 

do " 


*34 


do 


do 


None appar- 
ent. 

do 




*35 


do 


do 


40 
40 
40 
15 
15 

15 

15 
20 
10 
15 
10 

10 

10 

10 
15 
25 




36 


do 




do 




- .do 


do 


37 


do 

do 


Soft 

do 


. .do 




do 


do 


38 


do 




do 


do. 


39 


do 


do 


Deere ased 
slightly. 

None appar- 
ent. 

do 




do 


do 


40 


do . - 


do 




do 


do 


41 


do 


do 




do 


do 


42 




do 


do 




do 


do 


*43 


Flows 


do 


do... . 




do. 


.do 


44 


do 


do. . 


Decreased 




do 


do 


*45 


do 


do 


None appar- 
ent. 

Slight de- 
crease. 

None appar- 
ent. 

do 




do 


do 


46 


do 


.. -do... 




do 


do 


47 


do. 


. .do 




do 


do 


48 


do 


do 




do 


do. 


49 


do 


....do... 


do 




do 


do 


50 


do 


do 


Decreased 25 
per cent. 

None appar- 
ent. 




Lafayette. . . 
do.. 


Wilcox 


51 


do 


Best 




Tuscaloosa 

do 


*52 








Selma 


52a 


Flows 

do 


Soft 

do 


8 

3 

8 

22 


None appar- 
ent, 
do 




Alluvium?.. 
. .do 


Wilcox 


53 






*53a 


do 


do... 


. .do 




River bot- 
toms. 

Port Hudson 

Lafayette. . . 

do 


Wilcox 


54 


-do . 


do. .. 


do.. 




.do 


*55 


Pump 

Flows 


Hard.... 


Neither 


Slight 


Grand Gulf 

Wilcox 


*56 








*56a 


do 

. -do. .. . 


Soft 

do 


8 

5 
100 

35 

100 
40 
20 


Decreased.. 




Post-Terti- 
ary. 

do 




*57 


do 






*58 


do 


do 


None appar- 
ent. 

do 




do 


Post-Tertiary.. . 
do 


*59 


do 


....do... 




do 


*60 


do 


do 


do 




do 


do 


*61 


do... 


do. 






do 




*62 


do 


do. .. 


None appar- 
ent. 




.. ..do 


Po»t-Tertiary.... 


*63 













lER 159—06- 



44 



UNDERGKOUND-WATER RESOURCES OF MISSISSIPPI. 



DEEP-AVELL RECORDS 

Partial list of deep wells 





County. 


Town. 


Owner. 


Location. 


ft 
s 
§ 


1 
© 

s 


ft 

ft 


p 

ftg 

O tH 

r 

ft 


o C^ 


No. 


3 

o 




1 


*64 


Hancock 

do 


Bay St. Louis, 
do 


Chas. Sanger 








1892 
1889 

1888 
1888 

1893 
1903 

1889 

1896 
1895 

1891 


In. 
3 

3 

2 

2h 

2 

2 

2h 

3 
3 
3 

22 

21 
3 
3 

3 

2h 
3h 
2h 
2| 
2h 
2 
4| 
2 
3 
2 

2h 
^\ 
2\ 
3i 

2 
21 
3 

2i 
% 


Feet. 
385 

384 

420 
418 

345 
150 
620 

250 
500 

356 

366 
438 
376 
483 
461 
432 
620 

715 
580 
920 
560 
600 
420 
414 
860 
420 
720. 
420 
415 
920 
420 
890 

650 
600 
620 
700 
420 
860 
690 


Feet. 
385 

361 

\ 1901 
1420/ 

418 
315 

225 
500 

320 
419 
357 
467 
410 
412 

400 
410 

530 


Feet. 
+ 15 

+ 30 

+ 20 
+ 20 

4- 13 
+ 23 
+ 25 

+ 

+ 25 

+ 15 

+ 
+ 15 
+ 15 
+ 23 
+ 20 
+ 16 
+ 75 

+ 65 
+ 35 
+ 75 
+ 30 
4- 30 
.+ 25 
+ 20 
+ 80 
+ 20 
+ 70 
+ 25 
+ 30 
+ 80 
+ 30 
+ 80 

+ 60 
-1- 27 
+ 60 
+ 70 
+ 30 
+ 53 
-160 


*65 


do 








*66 
*67 


do 

do 

do 


do 

do 

do 


fSt. Stanislaus Col- 
{ lege. 
St. Joseph's Acad- 
emy. 

R Thelhiard 


\ 






1 






68 








*69 


do 

do 

do 

do........ 

do 

do 

do 

.. ..do 


do 

Logtown 

Nicliolson 

Picayune 

Waveland 

do 

do 

do 


Tally Lumber Co.. 








70 










*71 


D. Carver 


6 
6 


17 
17 


34 

15 


72 
*73 


J.W.Simmons 

P. Helwig.. . 


*74 


Mr. Bookta 








*75 


A. Matranger . . 








1894 


*76 


F. Caseneuve 








77 


do 

do 

.. ..do. 


do 

do 

do 


M.A.Dauphin 








1889 
1888 
1889 
1886 

1902 
1896 
1894 
1896 
1896 
1889 
1889 
1889 
1891 
1895 
1885 
1885 
1886 
1886 


*78 


T. R. Fell 








79 


Paul Conrad 








80 


Harrison 

do 


Biioxi 

do 


Barataria Canning 
Co. 

Biioxi Canning Co . . 








81 








82 


do 


. .do 


Biioxi Cemetery . . 








83 


do 


do 


Biioxi Ice Co 








84 


do 

do 


do 

do 


Jno. Caraway 








85 


Mrs. Carter 








86 


do 


do 


City 








87 


do 


do 


do 








88 


do 


. .do 


do. . . 








89 


do 

do 


do 

do 


F.H.Dunbar 








90 


Thos. Gill 








91 


do 


. .do 


H.Howard 








92 


do 

do 


do 

do 


F.T.Howard 








93 


. .do . 








94 


.do 


do 


do 








95 


do 


do 


Ice factory 








96 


do 


do 


E. C. Joullian 








1901 

1886 
1886 
1897 
1886 


97 


do 


do 


L. Lopez 








98 


. ..do . 


do 


do 








99 


do 


do 


do 








100 


do 

do 


do 

do 


J.H.Keller 








101 


Waterworks Co 








101a 


do 


Bond 


J. E. North 











■See text, pp. 30-31, tor additional data. 



DEEP- WELL RECORDS. 



45 



IN MISSISSIPPI— Continued. 

in the State of Mississippi — Continued. 



How ob- 
tained at 
surface. 


Quality. 


3 
C 

s 


Increase or 

decrease of 

supply. 


Effect of pump- 
ing on level 
of water. 


Geologic 
horizon of 
well mouth. 


Geologic hori- 
zon of principal 
water-bearing 
stratum. 


No. 


Flows 

do 

do 


Soft.... 

....do... 
do 


Gals. 
5 

30 
40 

40 

45 
100 
60 
28 
27 

25 

75 
30 
30 
25 
30 
30 
150 

125 
70 

300 
70 
60 
50 
35 

425 
40 

150 
50 
40 

175 
50 

300 

100 
50 

100 

175 
60 

450 






Post-Terti- 
ary. 

do 




*64 


None appar- 
ent. 
do 






*65 




do 


Post-Tertiary.. . 
do 


*66 


do 


do 


do 




do 


*67 


do 


do 


.do 




do 




68 


.do : .. 


.. -do. .. 


do 




do 


Post-Tertiary... . 

Grand Gulf." 

Grand Gulf 


*69 


do 


do 


do 




.do 


70 


do 


do 


Neither 




Port Hudson 

Post-Terti- 
ary. 

do... 


*71 


do 


do 


..do 




72 


do 


do 


None appar- 
ent. 

.do 






*73 


do 


do 




..do 




*74 


.do. .. 


. do... 


do 




do 




*75 


do 


do 


do 




do 




*76 


do 


do . 


-do.. 




. .do 




77 


do 


do... 


do 




do 




*78 


do 


do 


do 




do 




79 


do 


do... 


do 




.....do...... 




80 


-do... 


..do... 


do. .. 




.. ..do 




81 


.....do 


....do... 


do 




do 




82 


do 


do 


.do 




do 




83 


do... 


. do . . . 


do 




do 




84 


do 


do 


do 




do 




85 


do 


do 


.do 




.do 




86 


do.... 


....do... 


do 




do 




87 


do 


do 


do 




do 




88 


.do 


do... 


..do 




.do 




89 


do 


....do... 


do 




do 




90 


do 


do 


do 




do 




91 


do 


...do... 


....do . 




do 




92 


do 


....do... 


do 




do 




93 


...do.. 


do 


No change . 




do 




94 


do 


do... 


None appar- 
ent. 

do 




do 




95 


do 


....do... 




do 




96 


do 


do 


do 




do 




97 


do 


. do . . . 


do 








98 


do 


....do... 


do 




do...... 




99 


.do 


do 


do 




do 1 


100 


do.... 


...do... 


.do . 




.do .. 


101 


do 


....do... 


do 




do 


Grand Gulf 


101a 



46 



UNDERGROUND-WATER RESOURCES OF MISSISSIPPI. 



DEEP-^\^EI.L RECORDS 

Partial list of deep wells 



No. 



County. 



Town. 



Owner. 



Location. 



Harrison 



103 

104 
105 
106 
107 
108 
109 
110 
111 

*112 

113 

114 

114a 

115 

116 

117 
118 
119 
120 
121 
*122 

*123 
*124 
*125 
*126 
*127 
*128 
*129 

*130 
*131 
*132 
*133 
*134 
*135 
*136 

*137 



.do. 



..do. 
..do. 
..do. 
..do. 
..do. 
..do. 
.-do. 
..do. 



.do 

.do. 

.do. 
.do. 
.do. 



..do. 



do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 



.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 

.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
-do. 
.do. 
.do. 

.do. 



Delisle. 



W. S. Keel. 



Gulfport. 



....do 

....do 

....do...... 

....do 

....do 

Handsboro 

....do 

....do 



U. S. Marine Hospi- 
tal, Ship Island. 

Ice factory 

Chautauqua Circle... 

G.& S.I.R.R 

....do 

....do 

Zimmerman . . 



Howison. 



Longbeach . . 



H. Leinhard 

Leonard Lumber 
Co. 

Howison L u m b er 
Co. 

F. Jahenski 



25 



....do 

Lyman 

Mississipp i 
City. 

....do 



....do 

....do 

....do 

....do 

Nugent 

Pass C h r i 



McCaughn. 

City 

F.W.Elmer... 



1900 

1891 
1891 
1896 
1899 
1903 
1896 
1896 
1895 

1897 

1896 

1897 



L. & N. R. R... 

Mr. Clemaceau. 

C. P. Ellis 

Mr. De Buys... 
Mr. Soria 



tian. 
....do. 
....do. 
....do. 
....do. 



.do. 
.do. 
.do. 

.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 

.do. 



R. M. Walmsley. 

Wm. Hardin 

C. L. Chaptal... 

A. Swanson 

E. Saunders 

City 

do 

do 



....do 

....do 

....do 

G. H. Taylor. 

....do 

E.ConneryJr. 
L. C. Tallon... 



1896 

1885 



1895 
1885- 
1902 
1902 

1892 
1892 
1892 
1884 
1885 
1887 
1893 



1898 
1886 
1901 



Feet. 



540 
680 
680 
920 
960 
500 
700 
700 



580 
600 



740 
720 
640 
514 
300 
720 

620 
543 
560 
575 
420 
520 
620 

640 
625 
840 
420 
725 
520 
640 



Feet 



375 
850 



300 



510 



A. Mullinburger 1888 

text, p. 31, for additional data. 



21 514 



DEEP-WELL RECORDS. 



47 



IX MISSISSIPPI— Con tinutMl. 

in the State of Mississippi — Continued. 



How ob- 
tained at 
surface. 


Quality. 


.g 
s 


Increase or 

decrease of 

supplJ^ 


Effect of pump- 
ing on level 
of water. 


Geologic 
horizon of 
well mouth 


Geologic hori- 
zon of principal 
water-beariiig 
stratum. 


No. 


Flows 

do 

do 


Soft.... 

....do... 

do... 


Gals. 
25 

60 

80 

60 

150 

175 

60 

100 

175 



60 

70 


N one appar- 
ent. 

do 

.. ..do 




Post-Terti- 
ary. 

do 

do 


Lafayette 

Grand Gulf 


*102 




103 
104 


do 


do 


do 




- .do 




105 


do 


do .. 


.do 




do 




106 


.do 


. .do. .. 


do 




do 




107 


do 


do 


do 




. ..do 




108 


do 


do... 


.do 


- 


do 




109 


do 


do... 


do 




do 




110 


do 


do 


Variable 




Alluvium... 


Pascagoula 


111 










*112 
113 


Flows 

do 


Soft.... 
do 


None appar- 
ent. 

do 




Post Terti- 
ary. 

do 








114 










.. .do. . 


Grand Gulf 

do 


114a 


Plows 

do 


Soft 

do... 


450 

50 

160 
150 
70 
50 
60 
150 

170 
60 
70 
60 
40 
50 
40 

150 
150 
225 
25 
200 
60 
80 

50 






do 


115 


None appar- 
ent. 

do 




do 




116 


do 


....do... 




do 




117 


do 


do 


do 




do 




118 


.....do . 


.. do 


. .do 




.. ..do 




119 


do 


....do... 


do 




do 




120 


.. .do 


do 


do 








121 


do 


do... 


.. ..do 




Post Terti- 
ary. 

do 




*122 


do 


.. .do. 


Little 






*123 


do 


....do... 


do 




do 




*124 


do 


do 


do 




do 




*125 


do 


do... 


do 




.. .do 




*126 


do 


....do... 


do 




do 




*127 


do 


do 


do 




do 




*128 


do 


do... 


None appar- 
ent. 

do 




do 




*129 


do 


....do... 




do. .. . 




*130 


do. 


do 


do 




do 




*131 


do 


.. .do 


do 




do 




*132 


do 


....do... 


do 




do 




*133 


do 


. do 


do 




do 




*134 


do 


....do... 






. ..do 


Grand Gulf? 


*135 


do 


....do... 


None appar- 
ent. 

do 




do 


*136 


.....do 


....do... 




do 




*137 



48 



UNDERGKOUND-WATER RESOURCES OF MISSISSIPPI. 



DEEP-AVELL RECORDS 

Partial list of deep wells 



No. 



County. 



Town. 



Owner. 



Location. 



*138 

*139 
*140 

*141 
*142 
*143 
*144 
*145 
*146 
*147 
*148 
*149 
*1£0 
*151 
*152 
*153 
153a 
154 

155 

156 
157 

*157a 
158 

158a 
158b 

158c 
*159 

*160 

161 

*162 

*163 

*164 
165 

*166 
*167 



Harrison 



-do.... 
.do.... 



....do. 
....do. 
....do. 
....do. 
....do. 
....do. 
....do. 
....do. 
....do. 
....do. 
....do. 
....do. 
....do. 
....do. 
....do. 



.do. 



Hinds . 
do. 



do.. 

Holmes . 



..do... 
.do... 



do... 

do... 

do.., 

Jackson 

do... 

do... 



Pass Chris- 
tian. 

....do 

....do 



do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do...... 

do 

do...... 

do 

Ship Island. 
Saucier 



Wortham 

Jackson. . 
do.... 



Bolton. 
Durant . 



do. 

Cruger. 



Lexington. 
Pickens 



Tchula . 

do.. 

West . . . 



Fontainebleau 

do 

Moss Point... 



W.R.Wilson. 



Mrs. Watt 

E. Connery, sr. 



Jno. Curran 

Jno. A. Sutter 

S. F. Heaslip 

E.Hocaday 

Mexican Gulf Hotel , 

J. H. Menge 

H. Buddig 

J. M. Ayer 

do 

Pass Packing Co 

Doctor Perault 

Magnolia Hotel 

H. Payne 

Gov. light-house 

Biloxi Lumber and 
Export Co. 

J.C.Wihnoth 



1887 



1894 



1890 
1889 
1891 



1903 
1902 



Ice factory 

Baptist Orphanage 



City 

LC.R.R 



City 

Ed. Archer . 



26 



1897 

1902 

1896 
1900 

1903 

1905 

1897 



G.A.Wilson 

W. S. Gordon?. 



City 

W. B. Jones 

Dr. L. S. Rogers . 



J.B.Carson 



A. E. Lewis 

Dantzler Lumber . . 
Co. 

Denny Lumber Co . 

F. H. Lewis 



1901 

1900 
1902 
1901 

1893 



1902 
1902 



6 

6-4i 

6 
5 

6 
2 

2 

4-2 

4-2 

3-2 

3 

2i 

2i 
2i 

3 

6-4 



Feet. 
510 

670 
530 

620 
514 
620 
520 
520 
600 
600 
540 
540 
920 
1,020 
900 
614 
750 
720 



604 
200 

1,517 
375 

500 
800 

800 
265 

1,125 
770 
160 

720 

625 
560 

900 
1,550 



Feet. 





+ 75 




+ 50 




+ 40 




+ 45 




+ 40 




+ 30 




+ 30 




+ 30 




+ 25 




+ 25 




+ 25 




+ 80 




80 




+ 89 




+ 30 


700 


+ 


786 


+ 15 




- 58 



180 



1,020 



500 

700 

and 



265 



770 
150 

700 
600 



650 



* See text, pp. 31-33, for additional data. 



DEEP- WELL RECORDS. 



49 



IN" MISSISSIPPI— Continued. 

in the State of Mississippi — Continued. 



How ob- 
tained at 
surface. 


Quality. 


1 

K 
ft 


Increase or 

decrease of 

supply. 


Effect of pump- 
ing on level 
of water. 


Geologic 
horizon of 
well mouth. 


Geologic hori- 
zon of principal 
water-bearing 
stratum 


No. 


Flows 

do 


Soft .... 
do 


Gals. 
60 

170 
50 

100 

60 

70 

50 

60 

60 

50 

50 

50 

250 

250 

250 

60 

50 


75 

35 
30 


None appar- 
Little 




Post Terti- 
ary. 

do 




*138 






*139 


do 


do 


None appar- 
ent. 

.do 






. ..do . 




*140 


.do 


do 




do 




*141 


do 


....do... 


do 




do 




*142 


do 


do 


do 




.do 




*143 


do 


do... 


do 




do 




*144 


do 


do 


do 




do 




*145 


do .. . 


do 


.. ..do 




do. .. 




*146 


do...... 


....do... 


do 




do 




*147 


do 


do 


do 




do 




*148 


do 

do 


....do... 
do 


do 

do 




do 

do 


Post-Tertiary... 


*149 
*150 




do 


..do 




... .do 




*151 


Flows 


do... 


do 




do 


Pascagoula marl. 


*152 


do 


do 


do 




do 


*153 


Flows 








Recent 


Pascagoula 


153a 










154 


do. 

Steam pump 
do 

do 

Flows 


Soft .... 

Good ... 
Hard... 

Soft 


Decreased 

Little. 


Lowered 
slowly. 

Slight 


Lafayette? . 
.. .do . 


1 
Pascagoula 

Upper Claiborne . 

Under Jaekson 
marL 

Wilcox 


155 
156 


do 


do 

None 


do 

Grand Gulf. 

Second riv- 
er bottoms. 

Lafayette . . 

Port Hud- 
son. 

do 


157 
*157a 


....do... 




None appar- 
ent. 




do 


158 


do 


... do... 






Claiborne 

do 


158a 


do 




90 




None 


158b 


.....do 








do 


158c 


do 

do 

.do 


Hard . . . 

Soft .... 
do 


12 

130 

200 

20 

70 

60 
40 

25 
400 


None appar- 
ent. 

do 




Second riv- 
er bottoms. 


do? 


*159 






*160 


None 








161 


do.. 


.. do 


None appar- 
ent. 

do 




Laf a y e 1 1 e 
sand. 

Post Ter- 
tiary. 

...do 


Wilcox 


*162 


do .. 


do 




Pascagoula 

do 


*163 


do 


do .. 


.do 




*164 


do 


....do.. 


do 




do 


do 


165 


Flows 

do 


Soft .... 
Hard... 


do 




do 




*166 


Neither 






Grand Gulf? 


*167 



50 



UNDEBaROUND-WATER RESOURCES OF MISSISSIPPI. 



DEEP-^VELL RECORDS 

Partial list of deep wells 



County. 



Town. 



Owner. 



Location. 



Is 

o u 

(D 
ft 



S^3 



Jackson 



.do. 

.do. 

-do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 

.do. 
.do. 

.do. 

.do. 



do. 

do. 

....do. 
Jones. 
....do. 



.do. 
.do. 



.do. 



Kemper... 
Lafayette 



....do 

Lamar 

Lauderdalf 



.do. 
.do. 

.do. 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 

.do. 

.do. 



Ocean Springs 
do 



.do. 

.do. 
.do. 
-do. 



.do. 
.do. 



.do. 
.do. 



.do. 



.do. 



do... 

Scranton 

do... 

Ellisville . 
LaureL . . 



Forrest. 
Oxford . 



....do 

Lumberton.. 
Lauderdale . . 



Meridian 

Lauderdale.. 



....do 

....do 

....do 

Meehan Junc- 
tion. 

....do 

Meridian 



J.J.Kuhn 

A. A.McGinnes. 



N. B. Smith 



Wm. De Pass. 
Chas. Zeigler.. 
Mr. Sullivan.. 

J. Feitag 

John Blank... 



Captain Benson . . . 

People's water- 
works. 

George Rose 



George Rose, of New 
York. 



Electric Ice Co 

City 

F. H. Lewis 

County 

Lumber 



12 



Kingston 
Co. 



Cotton mills. 
Waterworks . 



Eastman, Gardner 
&Co. 

City 



32 



1891 

1885 

1885 

1898 
1901 
1901 
1888 
1902 

1890 
1901 

1897 

1903 

1903 
1897 
1891 
1902 
1902 

1902 
1901 

1900 



In. 

2\ 

2J 

2J 

2i 
2i 
2i 
2| 

2J 

2i 
3 

4 

8-4 

3 

6 

2i 

6 



.do. 



University 

Hinton Lumber Co 
M.&O. R.R 



1896 
1897 



1902 



City 

John Nunnery. 



M. Smith 

John Nunnery 

M. & O. R. R , 

Meehan -Rounds 
Lumber Co. 

...do 

City 



1902 

1901 
1901 
1901 
1902 

1902 

1902 



Feet. 
880 

620 

514 

520 
560 
540 
525 
550 

550 
965 

900 

1,200 

866 
800 
720 
1,300 
365 

210 
370 

215 

219 

185 



133 

900 
108 

216 
108 
132 
324 

324 

305 



Feet. 



900 



350 
325 



200 
370 



217 
100 



*See text, pp. 32-33, for additional data. 



DEEP-WELL RECORDS. 



51 



IN IvriSSTSSTPPI— Continued. 

in the State of Mississippi — Continued. 



How ob- 
tained at 
surface. 


Quality. 


i 

a 
S 

u 

1 


Increase or 

decrease of 

supply. 


Effect of pump- 
ing on level 
of water. 


Geologic 
horizon of 
well mouth. 


Geologic hori- 
zon of principal 
water-bearing 
stratum. 


No. 


Flows 

.do 


Soft.... 
...-do.-. 


Gals. 
150 

80 

25 

60 
60 
50 
60 
26 

100 
250 

100 


None ,appar- 

ent. 
.. ..do 




Post Ter- 
tiary. 

do 


Pascagoula 

Clay above Pas- 
cagoula. 

Post-Ter t i a r y 
clays. 

do 


*168 




169 


do 


do... 


.. .do. .. 






170 


do 


....do... 


do 




do 


*171 


do 


do . 


do 




. .do 


do 


172 


.do 


....do... 


.. .do 




do 


do 


173 


do 


....do... 


do 




do 


do 


174 


do 


do 


do 




.do. 


Post-Tertiary 
sands. 

do 


175 


do 


do 


do 




do 


176 


do-. 


do .. 


Neither 




... .do 


Pascagoula 

do .. 


*177 


do 


do . 


None appar- 
ent. 

do 




-do ... 


*178 


do 

do 

do 


Alkaline 

Soft .... 
.-..do... 




-do. 


do 


*179 


240 
150 
60 


do 




do 




*180 


do 




do-- 


Pascagoula 

.....do 


*181 


do 


....do... 


do... 




do 


*182 




Hard 






Lafayette . - 
-- -do--- 


Grand Gulf? 

. .do... 


*183 


Pump 

do 

Compressed 
air. 

do 


Soft .... 

....do... 
....do.-. 

do.. 


150 

150 
280 

140 


None appar- 
ent. 

do 

do 

do 


None apparent. 
do 


*1&4 


do 

do 


do 

do 


185 
*186 


do 


do 

do. . 


.do 


187 






Claiborne 

Wilcox 


187a 


Pump.- . .. . 
do 


Soft 




None appar- 
ent. 

do 


Slight . 


do. 


188 


....do... 




None observed. 


do 

do 


do 

Grand Gulf 

Wilcox 


189 
189a 


Pump 


Soft.... 


115 


None appar- 
ent. 


Lowered 


do 


*190 




do 


do 


190a 


Flows 

Pump 


Soft 




None appar- 
ent. 
....do 




.do 


do 

do 


191 


....do 






do 


*192 


Flows 

Pump . 


Hard... 




do 




Wilcox 


do 


193 


...do 


100 
11 

11 


do 

Neither 


Slight 


do 


do 


*194 


Flows 

do 


Soft 

.. do.. 






do 


195 


do 




River allu- 
vium. 

Creek bot- 
tom. 


. ..do 


*196 


Pumps 


Hard... 






.. ..do 


*197 















52 UNDERGROUND- WATER RESOURCES OF MISSISSIPPI. 

DEEP-TVELI. RECORDS 

Partial list of deep wells 



No. 



County. 



Town. 



Owner. 



Location. 









s?^ 



IS 2- 

ST OJ-^R 

ft w 



a> O' 



198 

*199 
200 

*201 

*202 
*203 

204 

205 

*205a 

206 



207 

208 

209 
*210 

211 

212 
212a 

♦212b 
212c 
213 

214 
215 

215a 
216 
*217 

218 

219 
220 

221 

*221a 

222 

223 , 



Lauderdale. 



.do. 



do...... 

....do 

Lawrence... 

do 

Lee 

do 



.do 

.do 



.do 



.do 

.do 



..do 



.do 

.do 



do 

do 

do 



....do. 
Leflore . 



.do. 
.do. 
.do. 



do. 



.do 

.do 



....do.. 
....do.. 
Lincoln . 



do 



Meridian 

do... 

do... 



.do. 



Siding 

....do 

Silver Creek . . 

do 

Baldwyn 

Guntown 



....do.... 
Nettleton. 



Plantersville. 



-...do. 
Rusk.. 



....do 

Shannon 

Tupelo 



....do.. 
....do.. 
Verona. 



....do 

Greenwood.. 



.do. 
.do. 
.do. 



Ittabena . 



....do 

-...do 



--..do 

Minter City... 
Brookhaven-. 



City 



-do. 
.do. 



Ice factory. 



W. J. Graham 

Mrs. Martha Max- 
well. 



A. T. Longino 

Dr. B. B. Cowant.. 
Brick Co 

Robt. Gambrell 



1902 

1882 
1903 

1890 



1896 



1870 



City 

Jno. McGaughey. 



R. S. Rodgers. 



Robt. Birmingham.. 
L. B. Gandy 



W. S. Brown. 



J. K. Whitesides 

U. S. B u re au of 
Fisheries. 

Mo.andOhioR.R.. 

City 

L. T. Taylor 



1898 



1902 



1903 
1903 



....do 

A. F. Gardner. 

T. B. Minyard. 
T.J. Phillips.. 
Ice factory 



1901 



19 



L.J. Young & Co... 



Mahoney Bros. 
R. W. Baird... 



.do. 



A. Henderson. 
C. E. Feigler-. 
W. R. Norton. 

S. P. Oliver... 



1900 



1897 
1896 



1900 
1901 



1898 



10 



Feet. 
257 



905 
305 



380 
70 



300 
140 



160 



140 

322 



130 
300 



436 
300 

285 

400 
490 

266 
650 
650 

597 

596i 
365 

450 
437 
60 

155 



Feet. 



40 



110 
149 



140 
300 



320 

406 
300 
200 

285 
400 

194 
600 



420 
60 



115 



*See text, pp. 33-34, for additional data. 



DEEP-WELL RECORDS. 



58 



IN MISSISSIPPI— Continued. 

in the State of Mississippi — Continued. 



How ob- 
tained at 
surface. 


Quality. 


3 
C 

S 
ft 

1 

s 
m 


Increase or 

decrease of 

supply. 


Effect of pump- 
ing on level 
of water. 


Geologic 
horizon of 
well mouth. 


Geologic hori- 
zon of principal 
water-bearing 
stratum. 


N&. 


Flows 

Motor 

Pump 


Hard... 


Gals. 


None appar- 
ent. 

do 




Wilcox 

do 




198 


-.-.do... 

---do 




Easily lowered. 


do 


*iy9 


Second riv- 
er bottoms. 

Wilcox 


do 


200 


Steam pump 

Flows 

.do 


do... 




None appar- 
ent. 

do 


Easilylowered. 


do 


*201 


Soft 




Buhrstone.. 
do 


do 


*202 


do 




do . 




. ..do 


*203 




do 




do 


Little 


Lafayette. . . 
do 


Lafayette 

Grand Gulf 

Eutaw 


204 


Bucket 


Hard 




do.. 


Slight 


205 










Selma 

Lafay e 1 1 e 
clay. 

do 


*205a 


Bucket 


Soft 




None appar- 
ent. 


Slight 


Top of Tuscaloosa 
Eutaw 


206 


Hard... 






206a 


Flows 

do 

Pump 

Flows 

do 


Hard, 
good. 

Soft 


5 


Neither 




Selma 

do 


Tuscaloorfa 

do 


207 


None appar- 
ent. 

do 




208 


Hard . . . 




Little..., 


do 


do 


209 


Soft.... 
....do... 


15 
3 


Neither 




River bot- 
tom. 

Creek bot- 
tom. 

Selma 


. do 


*210 


do 




do 


211 


Pump 


do 


None 


None 


do ... 


212 


Flows 


.. do . 




do 


. .do 


do 


do 


212a 


do 

Pump 


Small 








Lafayette. . . 
. .do 


Eutaw 


*212b 










do 


212c 


Flows 

Pumps 

Flows 


Soft and 
pure. 

Soft 


10 


None appar- 
ent. 
do 




Selma 

do 


Tuscaloosa 

do 


213 


Slight 


214 


. do 




do 




Port Hud- 
son. 

do 


Claiborne 

do . 


215 


do 




200 
250 
275 






215a 


do 

do 


Soft 

....do... 






do 


do 


216 


None appar- 
ent. 

do 




do 


do 


*217 


do 

do 

do 


Soft and 
good. 

Soft.... 

....do..-. 






do 


218 


60 
100 

150 
50 


.....do 




.do . . 


Lower Claiborne. 
Wilcox 


219 


Decreased 25 

per cent. 
Neither 




Port Hud- 
son. 

do 


220 


do 


..-..do... 




do 


221 


do 


do.. 


do 




.do 


Claiborne 

Base of Lafayette 

Grand Gulf 


*221a 


Bucket 


....do... 


None appar- 
ent. 

do 


Easily lowered 
None apparent. 


Lafayette... 
do 


222 


Airlift 


..-.do... 


275 


223 



54 



UNDERGROUND-WATER RESOURCES OF MISSISSIPPI. 



DEEP-^VELL RECORDS 

Partial list of deep wells 



No. 



County. 



Town. 



Owner. 



Location. 



O m 
ft 

CO 

P 






224 
225 
*225a 

*225t 

*226 

227 

228 

229 

229a 

229b 
229c 

*230 
231 
232 

*232a 
232b 

*233 
233a 
234 
234a 

*235 
236 



237 
*238 



240 

241 

*242 

243 

244 
244a 

*244b 

*245 
*246 
247 
248 



Lincoln.. 
Lowndes. 
do... 



do... 

Madison. 

do... 

....do... 
Marion.. 



..do 



do... 

do... 

Marshall . 
do... 

Monroe. . 

do... 

do... 

do... 

do... 

do... 

do... 



Montgomery 
....do 



Neshoba. 
Newton. . 
do... 



do... 

do... 

....do... 

....do... 

Noxubee. 
do... 

do... 



.do., 
.do., 
.do., 
.do.. 



Brookhaven. 
Columbus... 
do 



Artesia 

Canton 

do 

Flora 

Columbia... 



do 

do 

do 

Holly Springs 
Hudsonville. . 

Amory 

-do 

do 

Caledonia 

Crawford 

Gattman 

Muldon 



Winona. 



.do. 



Dixon 

Chunkey. 
....do... 



....do 

Hickory 

....do 

....do 

Bigbee Valley. 
Cooksville 

Brookville 

Cliftonville . . . 

Ravine 

....do 

Macon 



S. P. Oliver 

City 

Mobile and Ohio 
R. R. 

do 

City 

W. H. Powell , 

Flora 

City 



18 



B.W. Holloway. 



City. 



G. H. Rankin 

Lamar Herrington. . 

City waterworks 

E. C. Mahon 

T. R. Stevens 

City 

Railroad 

L. D. Booth 

City 

K. C. and B. R. R . . 

Mobile and Ohio 

R. R. 
Oil and Mining Co . . 



Electric Light and 
lee Co. 



Chas. C. Roberts 

Wm. Harris 

Jos. Sharp 



D. L. Ragland. 

J. J. Barber 

W. H. Galaspy. 

J. H. Brown... 



A. G. Cunningham.. 
W. S. Permenter 

Mobile and Ohio 
R. R. 

J. B. Cunningham . . 

J. O. Poindexter 

Sebe Gavin 

G. N. Ladd 



1896 
1896 
1896 
1903 

1905 

1903 
1903 
1898 
1897 
1897 



32 



1878 
1899 



25 



1899 



1901 



1895 



1900 



1897 



10- 



Feet. 
165 
682 
420 

597 
1,020 
850 
450 
420 

400 

425 
425 
400 
168 
154 
199 
250 
140 
700 
623 
620 



400 



75 
160 
150 

131 
150 
300 

150 

500 
500 

657 

451 
725 
431 



Feet. 



Feet, 





+ 6 




+ 


597 


- 18 




+ 19 


810 


-f 16 




- 40 



400 
400 

425 
425 
320 



190 



620 



395 



160 
150 

128 
150 
300 



391 
450 



391 
725 
431 



+ 30 

+ 20 

+ 25 
+ 35 
-175 
-153 
4- 15 
+ 
+ 
+ 20 
-110 
4- 27 

- 83 

- 60 

- 75 



- 70 



+ 4 



+ 



+ 2 



1850 



H 



* See text, pp. 34-36, for additional data. 



DEEP- WELL RECORDS. 



55 



IK MISSISSIPPI— Continued. 

in the State of Mississippi — Coiitiuued. 



How ob- 
tained at 
surface. 


Quality. 


6 

a 

i 
ft 

3 


Increase or 

decrease of 

supply. 


Effect of pump- 
ing on level 
of water. 


Geologic 
horizon of 
well mouth. 


Geologic hori- 
zon of principal 
water-bearing 
stratum. 


No. 




Soft 

do 


Gals. 
275 


None apparent 
do 


None apparent 


Lafayette. . . 

Selma 

do 


Grand Gulf 

Tuscaloosa 

do 


'>24 


Flows 


225 


do 




130 






*225a 










do 


Eutaw 


*225b 


Flows 

do 


Soft.... 
do... 


170 

88 


None apparent 
Neither 


None apparent 


Jackson 

do.. . 


Wilcox 


*226 


Claiborne? 

.do 


227 


Pump 


....do... 


do 




do 


228 


Flows 


....do... 


25 

30 

60 
25 
100 


None apparent 
do 




Second river 
bottoms. 

River bot- 
toms. 

Bottom 


Grand Gulf? 

Grand Gulf 

do 


229 


do 


do... 




229a 


do 


....do... 


do 




229b 


do 

Steam pump 

Bucket 

Flows 

do 

do 


Sulphur 
....do... 
Hard . . . 


do 




do 


do 


229c 


do 

Little 


None apparent 


Lafayette..-. 
do 


Wilcox 


*230 


.....do 

Tuscaloosa 

do 


231 


Soft 

Iron 


8 
25 


None apparent 
do 




Selma 

Eutaw 


232 




*232a 






Lafayette. . . 
Tuscaloosa . 


do 


232b 


do 


Hard . . . 








do 


*233 










do 


233a 


Flows 

Steam pump 

Airlift 

Pump 


Hard . . . 


15 


None apparent 





Lafayette. . . 
do 


do 

do 


234 




234a 


Soft 

Iron 
and al- 
kaline, 
soft. 

Soft 

....do... 


20 
100 

1 
1 
5 

5 


do 

do 


None 


Creek bot- 
toms. 

Lafayette? . 

do 

Alluvial 

River bot- 
toms. 

.do 


Wilcox 


*235 




do 


236 


do 

.do 


Easily lowered 


Lafayette 

Wilcox 


237 


Flows 


*238 


do 


....do... 


.....do 




do 


239 


do 




do 




do 


240 


do 

do 


Soft 


Slight 




do 


Claiborne 

Wilcox 


241 


do 


34 
5 


None apparent 
do 




Second river 
bottoms. 

River bot- 
toms. 

do 


*242 


do 


do 




do 


243 


.do 


do 


do 




do 


244 


Pump 


Soft, al- 
kaline. 




do 


Lowered 




Tuscaloosa 


244a 








Selma 

. .do 


*244b 


Windmill... 
Hand pump 
Flows.. 


Soft 








do 


*245 


do 








do 


do 


*246 


..do 








Aluvium 


.do 


247 


Windmill... 


...do.... 




None apparent 


Slight 


Selma 


Tuscaloosa 


248 



56 



UNDERGROUND-WATEK RESOURCES OF MISSISSIPPI, 



DEEP-TS^ELL RECORDS 

Partial list of deep wells 



County. 



Town. 



Owner. 



Location. 



03 

Q u 



O ox! 



Noxubee 



do... 

do... 



Oktibbeha. 
....do 



.do. 



Panola . 

....do.. 
Perry.. 
....do.. 
....do.. 



.do.. 

.do., 
.do.. 



do.... 

do.... 

Pontotoc . 

do.... 

do.... 

do.... 

do.... 

Quitman . 
do.... 



.do. 
.do. 



.do. 



....do. 
....do. 
....do. 
Scott.. 
Smith. 



Macon . 



do 

Shuqualak. 

Osborn 

Starkville. . 



do 

Batesville . . . 

Longtown . . . 

Barbara 

Brown 

Hattiesburg. 

do 

do 



..do.. 

-do.. 
..do.. 



....do. 
Heel a. 
Ecru.. 



McLauren. 

....do.... 
....do.... 
Sherman. . 

Belen 

....do.... 



....do... 
Lambert. 



....do 



....do 

Riverside... 

Sumner 

Forest 

Taylorsville 



Mobile and Ohio 
R. R. 

A. T. Dent 

City 



A. A. Montgomery. 
do 



Agricultural and Me- 
chanical College. 

City 



18 



Dr. Crenshaw 

A. J. Thomas 

A. G. Brown 

People's ice factory, 



M. Hemphill 

City waterworks . 



J.J. Newman Lum- 
ber Co. 

G. L. Hawkins 



Gulf and Ship Island 
R. R. 

Mike Dunn 

George Baylis 

Mobile, Jackson and 



Kansas City R. R. 
J. A. Barrow. 



R. A. Cooper. . . 
V. B. Tucker... 
D. C. Longston. 
M. E. Denton.. 
Turner Bros... 



.do. 



Quitman Develop- 
ing Co. 

Quitman County 
Developing Co. 

Bacon Nolan Co . 

L. Marks 

Bell & Lawrence 

O. B. Triplett 

Thomas James 



28 



1900 



1902 

1902 
1897 
1892 
1900 

1901 
1900 



1902 

1902 
1897 
1905 



1902 



1901 
1902 

1902 
1904 

1904 

1904 
1901 
1904 
1896 
1902 



Feet. 
769 

800 
910 

485 



302 

580 
72 
43 

335 

350 
335 



380 
350 



325 



52 

216 

62 

250 

840 



724 
720 



700 
636 
650 
220 
1,135 



Feet. 
730 

750 
910 

485 



300 

520 
62 



290 



375 
300 



216 
62 
250 
800 
810 



560 

650 
600 
600 
220 
1.100 



* See text, pp. 36-38, for additional data. 



DEEP-WELL RECORDS. 



57 



IX Mississippi-Continued. 

in the State of Mississippi — Continued. 



How ob- 
tained at 
surface. 


Qualit}-. 


3 
C 

H 

3 


Increase or 

decrease of 

supply. 


Effect of pump- 
ing on level 
of water. 


Geologic 
horizon of 
well mouth. 


Geologic hori- 
zon of principal 
water-bearing 
stratum. 


No. 


Flows 

Pump 


Soft.... 
do 


Gals. 
5 


None apparent 
Little 


Lowered 

Lowers 16 feet . 
Little 


Selma 

do 

do 


Tuscaloosa 

do 

do 


*249 
*250 


do 


Alkaline, 
soft. 




None apparent 


*251 




do 


do 


252 


Compressed 
air. 

do 

Flows 

.do 


Soft 

Soft, al- 
kaline. 

Hard . . . 
do 


145 
145 
60 
50 


None apparent 
Neither 


Slight 


. . do . 


. do 


*253 


do 


do 


do 


*254 


None apparent 




Port Hud- 
son. 

do 


Wilcox 


*255 




do 


256 


Bucket 


...do. 






Lafayette. . . 
do... 


Lafayette 

Grand Gulf 

do 


*257 




do 


100 






*258 


Bucket 

Flows 


Soft 


None apparent 
do... . 




Second river 
bottom. 

Lafayette. . . 


259 


do 


Few 
250 

250 

Few 
150 




do 


260 


do 


do 


None 


Slight 


Second river 
bottom. 

do 


do 


261 


do 

do 

do 


Hard . . . 

Soft 

...do 


Small decrease 

None apparent 
do 




do 


262 




Lafayette. . . 


do 


263 




Second river 
bottom. 

....do 


do 


264 


do 


...do 






do 


265 


do 

Bucket . 


Hard . . . 
do 


100 






Lafayette 


do 


266 






do.... 


....do 


*267 


Cook-pump. 
Flows 


Soft .... 
do 


120 

20 
- H 


Decreased 


Lowered 3 feet 
in 6 hours. 


Ripley...... 

Lafayette 


Ripley 


268 


do 


269 


do 

Pump 


Hard... 








. ..do . 


270 






Lafayette. . . 


do 


271 




Soft.... 
do 


20 
60 

55 
52 

60 

100 

60 

40 

10 

6 


Decreased 




Alluvium 


do 


272 


Flows. . . 


None apparent 
do 




Port Hud- 
son. 

do 


Wilcox... 


273 


do 


do 




-do 


274 


do 


do 


Neither 




do 


do 


275 


do 


do 


Increased 




do .. 


.. .do 


276 


.do 


do 


do 




do 


..do 


277 


do.... 


..do 


None apparent 




do 


do 


*278 


do 


...do.... 




do 


do 


279 










Lafayette. . . 
do 


Jackson 


280 


Flows 











Grand Gulf 


*281 



58 



UNDERGROUND-WATER RESOURCES OF MISSISSIPPI. 



DEEP-TV^ELL RECORDS 

Partial list of deep wells 



County. 



Sunflower ... 

do 

do 

,do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

Tallahatchie. 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 

..do 



...do.. 

...do.. 
....do.. 
Tate... 
Tippah . 
Tunica. 



do 

do 

Union 

Washington.. 

Wayne 

do 

do 

do 

Webster 

Winston 

Yalobusha 

do 

do 

do 

do 

Yazoo 

do 



Town. 



Belmont. 



Dockery , 

Doddsville 

Indianola 

do 

Moorhead 

Ruleville 

do 

Sunflower 

Albin 

Charleston 

do 

do 

Crevi 

Glendora 

Sharkey Land- 
ing. 

Sumner 

Swanlake 

Webb 

Staghorn 

Dumas 

Tunica 



Commerce... 
Longtown... 
New Albany. 
Leland 



Red Bluff 

Waynesboro. . 

....do 

....do 

Walthall 

Louisville 

CofEeeville 

....do 

....do 

....do........ 

Water Valley. 

Yazoo 

Sartartia 



Owner. 



State . 



Will Dockery 

R. E. Dodds 

City 

W. B.Martin.... 
Chester H. Pond. 
Chas. Campbell.. 

Rule Bros 

R. C. Burroughs. 
Jerry Robinson . . 
J. W. Saunders.. 

M. P. Webb 

W. G. Harvey... 
C. W. Neilson.... 
E. D. Graham. . . 
T. G. James 



I. B. Dudley.... 
W. A. Hawkins. 
E. B. Taylor.... 
S. T. Clayton... 
A. C. Anderson. 
City 



R. F. Abbey. 



City. 



.do. 



do 

do 

Ice factory 

Turpentine distillery 

J. L. Lamb 

W. C. Hight 

J. A. Aston 

W. C. Bryant 

W. H. Bailey.... 

J. F. Proovin 

City 

do 

M. King 



Location. 



18 



32 



1901 
1900 
1904 
1900 
1899 
1900 
1900 
1889 
1900 
1901 
1901 



1902 
1898 
1899 



1901 
1901 



1901 
1901 



1900 



1900 

1900 
190e 
1902 
1902 
1898 
1870 
1901 
1903 
1899 
1901 
1897 
1905 



In. 



Feet. 
1,000 

929 
820 
1,320 
1,300 
936 
864 



517 
760 
420 
450 
400 
465 
450 

552 
582 
512 
110 
60 
865 



521 
230 
512 

265 
525 
520 
525 



42 
250 
238 
160 
275 

60 

1,577 

588 



Feet. 
1,000 

929 
820 



1,260 
936 
820 
700 



545 
420 
450 
380 
420 
390 



107 
55 
865 



471 
230 
452 



32 
230 
238 
145 
250 



588 



* See text, pp. 38-39, for additional data. 



DEEP-WELL RECORDS. 

IN MISSISSIPPI— Continued. 

in the State of Mississippi — Continued. 



59 



How ob- 
tained at 
surface. 


Quality. 


a 
a 

a 

5 


Increase or 

decrease of 

supply. 


Effect of pump- 
ing on level 
of water. 


Geologic 
horizon of 
well mouth. 


Geologic hori- 
zon of principal 
water-bearing 
statum. 


No. 


Flows 




Gals. 
250 

80 
80 

200 
20 
20 

100 
75 
50 
25 
32 
50 
25 
40 
60 
50 

12 
75 

75 






Port Hud- 
son. 

. ..do 


Claiborne 

. .do . 


282 


do 








*283 


do 








do 


do 


284 


do 








.do. . 


do 


285 


do 

do 


Alkali . . 






do 


do 


286 






do 


do 


*287 


do 1 


Neither 




do 


Wilcox 


288 


do I 


do 




do 


do 


98Q 


do 1 






do 


do 


290 


do 1 






do 


do 


291 


.do 






do 


do 


292 


do 






do 


do 


293 


do 






do 


do 


294 


....do 








do 


do 


295 


do 








. .do 


do 


296 


do 








do 


..-..do 


297 


do 








do 


do 


298 


do 








do 


do 


299 


do 






do 


.do . .. . 


300 


Windlass... 








Lafavette. . . 


do 


*301 


Bucket 








do 


Ripley 


302 


Flows 

do 


Soft .... 
...do.... 


200 






Port Hud- 
son. 

do 


Wilcox 


*303 


do 




do 


304 


do 


do 


3 
15 


do 




do 


do 


*305 


. do. .1 






.do 




*306 


Pump 

Flows 


Soft.... 






Port Hud- 
son. 

Vicksburg. . 

do 


Clailorne 

do 


*307 


...do.... 




do 




308 


do 


do 


25 

20-40 

25 

60 


do 1 


do 


*309 


do 


...do 


Variable ' ' do 

None apparent' ' do 


.do 


310 


do 

. ..do. 


...do.... 


do 


311 




Lafayette. . . 
do 


Wilcox 


312 


Bucket 




j 


....do 


313 


Flows 




1| 
25 


1 . 1 do 


do 


314 


do 




1 . .! do 


do 


*315 


do 




.: L _.do__ _ _ 




316 


..do. 




2 




do 


do 


317 


Steam pump 

1 






. . .do 


' .do 


*318 





14 






Alluvium . . . 
Port Hud- 
son. 


Claiborne 

do 


*319 






1 


320 















iRR 159—06- 



60 UNDEEGROUKD- WATER RESOfJRCES OF MISSISSIPPI. 

SELECTED RECORDS IN DETAIT^. 

[Numbers in heavy-faced type refer to preceding table.] 

10. Record of city wells at Corinth, Alcorn County. 

[Authority, city waterworks.] 

Feet. 

Common soil 15 

Blue clay.-.-j <• 20 

^and Iselma chalk J 30 

Hard rock.. J I 1 

Sand, water bearing 35 

Hard shale, clay, and fine sand, Eutaw- Tuscaloosa 200 

Sandstone, limestone, and shale (Chester and St. Louis) 135 

Siliceous rock (" flint rock "), Tullahoma 115 

12. Record of city well at Kosciusko, Attala County. 

[Authority, W. N. Logan and W. R. Perkins.] 

Thickness Depth 
(feet), (feet). 

Clay and sand 30 30 

BlacK: clay 10 40 

Black clay and rock 25 65 

Rock, greensand, and shells : 25 90 

Sand and shells 60 150 

Black dirt (lignite) 50 155 

Gray sand 40 195 

Black clay and gray sand 50 245 

Gray sand, black clay, and rock 30 275 

Water-bearing sand 5 280 

Water is found at 35 feet, 75 feet, 195 feet, and 275 feet. Water rises to 75 feet of surface. 

Record of shallow well in sec. 36, T. 20, R. 8 W ., Bolivar County. 

[Authority, unpubhshed notes of E. A. Smith, assistant geologist of Mississippi, 1870.] 

Thickness Depth 

(feet). (feet). 

Surface loam 3 3 

Sand, as seen freshly deposited by Mississippi River 3 6 

Black buckshot clay 30 36 

Red clay, source of water 36 

The above is an open dug well. As soon as the red water-bearing clay was reached the water rushed 
in so rapidly that the digger had hardly time to get out before the well was filled. Water rises to within 
15 feet of the surface. 

Record of well in sec. 19, T . 19, R. 5 E., Carroll County. 

[Authority, unpublished notes of E. A. Smith, assistant geologist of Mississippi, 1870.] 

Thickness Depth 
(feet). (feet). 
Surface soil. 

Variegated clay 16 16 

Indurated ledge of ferruginous sand, with seams of crystalline salenite alternating with 

layers of greensand 4 20 

Greensand 9 29 

Indurated ledge of ferruginous sand alternating with laj'ers of greensand, as above 4 33 

Hard rock, which effervesced in places 3 36 

Siliceous, indurated greensand, with shells 6 42 

Light-yellow sand, with ledges of indurated sand, containing concretions of sandstone, 

also claj'- nodules embedded in the sand 6 48 

gtrong mineral water was obtained at 44 feet. 



SELECTED WELL RECORDS. 61 

30a. Record of railroad well at Oholona, Chickasaw County. 

[Authority, W. N. Logan and W, R. Perkins.] 

Thickness Depth 

(feet), (feet). 

Soil, gravel, and clay 20 20 

Blue limestone (Selma chalk) 300 320 

Hard sand rock 3 323 

Sand rock 100 423 

Greensand, soapstone, and water 50 473 

Soapstone 75 548 

Water rises within 22 feet of surface. 

Sla. Record of well at Hermanville, Claiborne County. 

[Authority, W. G. Herrington, driller.] 



Total depth 
(feet). 



Red clay 

Gray clay 

Sand rock 

Hard blue clay (hardpan) 

Fine blue sand, which supplies abundant water 



25. Record of town well at Enterprise, Clarice County. 

[Authority, W. N. Logan and W. R. Perkins.] 

Thickness Depth 

(feet). (feet). 

Sand 6 6 

Clay and sand 1 10 16 

Quicksand 6 22 

Hard blue rock J 22^ 

Blue soapstone 97J 120 

White sand and blue rock 25 145 

Soft soapstone 7 152 

White sand and gravel 4 156 

35. Record of Weems well at Shubuta, Clarke County. 

[Authority, W. N. Logan and W. R. Perkins.] 

Thickness Depth 

(feet), (feet). 

Sand and clay 25 25 

Mari 125 150 

Marl, clay, and sand , 272 422 

Water flows above surface. 

52. Section of town well at West Point, Clay County. 

[Authority, W. N. Logan and W. R. Perkins.] 

Thickness Depth 

(feet), (feet). 

Soil and loam 20 20 

Limestone (Selma chalk) 180 200 

Sand and clay 400 600 

Water flowed at first, but does not now. 

52a. Record of town well at Cedar Bluffs, Clay County. 

[Authority, W. N. Logan and W. R. Perkins.] 

Thickness Depth 

(feet). (feet). 

Soil and loam 10 10 

Limestone (Selma chalk) 450 460 

Hard rock 2 462 

Sand and water 188 650 

Water rises within 100 feet of surface. 



62 Ul^DEEGEOUND-WATER RESOURCES OF MISSISSIPPI. 

Record of well 3 miles south of Grenada, Grenada County. 

. _ [Authority, W. N. Logan and W. R. Perkins.] 

Thickness Depth 

(feet). (feet). 

Clay 10 10 

Sand 30 40 

Soapstone 30 70 

Sand 10 80 

Soapstone (clay) , 10 90 

Mud 20 110 

Soapstone (clay) 10 120 

Very coarse sand 95 215 

Hard rock 0. 25 215. 25 

Sand 10 225. 25 

Soapstone (clay) 335 560. 25 

Two thin rocks 0. 75 561 

Soapstone (clay) '. 40 601 

Water-hearing sand 63 664 

Soapstone 20 684 

Water-bearing sand 37 721 

Well flows one-half gallon per minute. 

56a. Record of city well at Grenada, Grenada County. 

Thickness Depth 
(feet). (feet). 

Surface loam 60 60 

Sand 3a 90 

Soapstone (clay) 30 120 

Sand and soft clay 40 160 

Soapstone (clay) with sand 90 250 

Blue sand 30 280 

Soft stone (clay?) 30 310 

Soft blue sandy rock, very fine 140 450 

Soft clay : 10 460 

Sand and water 30 490 

Soft blue sandy rock 110 600 

Rock ^ 20 620 

At a depth of 250 feet water rose within 6 feet of surface; at 490 feet the well overflowed. 

Record of well 1 mile north of Bay St. Louis, HancocJc County. 
[Begun October 29, 1904; completed November 20, 1904. Authority, John L. Ford, driller.] 

Thickness Depth 
(feet). (f-iet). 

Blue sandy clay 10 10 

White sand 50 60 

Yellow sand 35 95 

White sand and gravel 50 145 

Green clay 15 160 

Gray sand. .'. 60 220 

Green clay 130 350 

Gray sand 20 370 

Green clay 280 650 

Water sand, flows 50 gallons per minute 40 690 

Blue clay 128 818 

Water sand, flows 225 gallons per minute 79 897 

Diameter of weU, 3 inches. (From Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 264.) 

Generalized section of wells between Biloxi and Pass Christian, Harrison County. 

[Authority, A. Dixon.] 

Feet. 

Sand 80 

Clay 125 

Sand and clay 425 

Light-gray fine sand 500 

Clay 600 

Water-bearing sand - 685 



SELECTED WELL RECORDS. 63 

Record of well at Quarantine Station, Ship Island. 

[Authority, Dr. P. C. Kallock in Underground Waters of Louisiana (Harris).] 

Thickness Depth 

(feet). (feet). 

White sand - 45 45 

Soft clay and mud 155 200 

Hard bhie chiy 100 300 

White sand 5 305 

Blue clay 260 565 

Sandstone h 565i 

Blue clay 156 721| 

Water-l)earing sand 9 730^ 

112. Record of icell at Hovoison, Harrison County. 

[Authority, W. N. Logan and W. R. Perkins.] 

Thickness Depth 

(feet). (feet). 

Red clay 100 100 

White sand 100 200 

Blue clay 1, 200 1, 400 

Water-bearing sand 80 1, 480 

Water rises within 35 feet of surface. 

Log of deejp well at State Penitentiary, Jackson, Hinds County. 

[Authority, E. W. Hilgard.J 

Thickness Depth 

(feet). (feet). 

Surface materials and clay marl 20 20 

Blue sandy shell marl 11 31 

Dry sand, with streaks of whitish or gray clay containing impressions of leaves 80 111 

Wet quicksand, caving very badly 70 181 

(Here water rose to within 70 feet of surface.) 
Black clays, mostly laminated, interstratified with layers of sand. Fragments of im- 
pressions of leaves, and, at 400 feet, a catkm of a willow were bored up 268 449 

Greensand, with shells and streaks of gray and red clay 30 479 

Water-bearing sand, caving badly 20 499 

(Here water rose to within 50 feet of surface.) 

Greensand with shells, same as above ? 

Ledge of gray f ossiliferous limestone 1 500 

Blue clay, with calcareous nodules and some layers of greensand marl 12 512 

Shell marl, with layers of black clay 10 522 

Quicksand, with a great deal of mica 5 527 

White indurated clay, with iron pyrites, not yet passed through ^ ? 

Record of Alabama and VicTishurg Railroad well at Smiths, Hinds County. 

[Authority, W. N. Logan and W. R. Perkins.] 

Thickness Depth 

(feet) . (feet) . 

Soil and clay 44 44 

Limestone and sandstone 104 148 

Thin strata of hard rock 4 152 

Rock and sand 394 546 

Water rises within 23 feet of surface; capacity, 113 gallons per minute; mouth of well about 130 feet 
above sea level. 

Generalized section of wells on Deer and Silver creeTcs, Issaquena County. 

[Authority, unpublished notes of E. A. Smith, assistant geologist of Mississippi, 1870-71.] 

Maxi- 

Thick- mum 

ness depth 

(feet), (feet). 

Top clay 4-10 10 

Sand 20-30 40 

Blue mud (clay) 10-20 60 

Light, fine sand 2-4 64 

Pebble bed, containing water. 

The above section was given by Mr. I. W. Blessing, who had driven about 70 weEs along the above- 
mentioned creeks. The sand above the pebbles is in very fine, smooth, rounded grains, and comes up 
with the water when the well is pumped. The pebbles in the bed from which the water comes are often 
cemented together, forming a hard conglomerate. 



64 UNDEEGKOUND-WATER EESOUKGES OF MISSISSIPPI. 

167. Record of well near Moss Point, Jackson County. 

[Authority, W. N. Logan and W. R. Perkins.] 

Thickness Depth 

(feet). (feet). 

Sand 100 100 

Clay and mud 150 250 

Hard clay 150 400 

Water-bearing sand 20 420 

Hard clay 200 620 

Water-bearing sand 40 660 

Sand and clay 110 770 

Water-bearing sand 44 814 

Hard rock, sand, mud, and wood 736 1, 550 

Flowing water at 650 and at 800 feet. 

181. Record of city well at Scranton, Jackson County. 

[Authority, W. N. Logan and W. R. Perkins.] 

Thickness Depth 

(feet). (feet). 

Sand and gravel 350 350 

Blue clay 400 750 

Clam shells 5 755 

Blue clay 25 780 

Water-bearing sand 20 800 

Well flows 150 gallons per minute. 

Record of well at Ocean Springs, Jackson County. 

[Authority, W. N. Logan and W. R. Perkins.] 

Thickness Depth 

(feet). (feet). 

Surface soil, sand, and gravel 150 150 

Clay 250 400 

Sand 20 420 

Clay 40 460 

Sand and gravel : 60 520 

Clay 400 920 

Water-bearing sand 30 950 

Water flows 250 gallons per minute. 

Record of well 1^ miles northwest of Moss Point, Jackson County. 
[Begun October 3, 1904; completed October 12, 1904. Authority, John L. Ford, driller.] 

Thickness Depth 

(feet). (feet). 

Hard, yellow clay (sandy) 20 20 

Yellow sand 15 35 

Clay (sandy, variegated) 15 50 

Sand (fine, white) 50 100 

Sand (coarse, white) 40 140 

Clay (sandy) 70 210 

Sand (fine, white) 10 220 

Clay 150 370 

Sand (fine, white) 20 390 

Clay 320 710 

Sand (fine, gray) 80 790 

Clay 790 

Main water supply 770 to 790 feet. Yield, 135 gallons per minute. (From Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey 
No. 264.) 



SELECTED WELL RECORDS. 



65 



Record of city ivell at EUisville, Jones County. 

[Authoritj-, W. N. Logan and W. R. Perkins.] 

Thickness 
(feet). 

Sand and gravel 80 

Green cla.v 280 

Sand : 10 

Green clay 230 

Sand rock 12 

Greenish marl 288 

Shell rock 5 

Green marl 195 

Shells 5 

Green marl 295 



Depth 

(feet). 

80 

3G0 

370 

600 

612 

900 

905 

1,100 

1,105 

1,400 



Record of city well at Oxford, Lafayette County. 

[Authority, W. N. Logan and W. R. Perkins.] 

Thickness Depth 

(feet). (feet). 

Clay and sand 90 90 

Dry sand 15 105 

Clay 67 172 

Soapstone (clay) 78 250 

Hard sandstone 50 300 

Water rises to 70 feet of surface. 



Record of well at Lumberton, Lamar County. 

[Authority, W. N. Logan and W. R. Perkins.] 

Depth 
(feet). 

Coarse sand and some gravel 40 

Fine sand 85-90 

Fine sand and white clay 103 

Hard white clay 110 

Soft but fine sand 180 

Hard white clay 200 

Hard and soft spots, water white 210 

Hard white clay, pipe goes 28 inches per hour 277 

White water 314 

Blue mud 512-528 

Blue mud, still in water 560 

Hard clay, white water 620 

Very soft rock 670 

Very soft white clay . 682 

Hard clay 720 

Blue clay 760 

Hard rock 770 

Softer rock 784 

Bluish rock 830 

Hard rock 850 

Sand 860 

The well was drilled to a depth of 1,800 feet. 



66 UKDERGROUND-WATER RESOURCES OF MISSISSIPPI. 

Record of cotton-mill well No. 1, Meridian, Lauderdale County. 

[Authority, W. N. Logan and W. R. Perkins.] 

Thickness Depth 
(feet) . (feet) . 

Clay 14 14 

Sand 16 30 

Clay '6 36 

Shale • 14 50 

Sand 1 51 

Lignite 2 53 

Sand 3 56 

Shale 2 58 

Pipe clay 19 77 

Lignite 6 83 

Pipe clay 7 90 

Sand 2 92 

Clay 3 95 

Sand 4 99 

Clay 22 121 

Sand .- 5 126 

Clay 5 131 

Sand 5 136 

Blue clay 4 140 

Sand 1 141 

Blue clay 18 159 

Sand ... 9 168 

Lignite J 5 173 

Sand 2 175 

Lignite 4 179 

Sandstone 1 180 

Clay 7 187 

Sand '. 27 214 

Lignite and clay 8 222 

Clay 2 224 

Sand 2 226 

Lignite 2 228 

Sand 27 255 

Clay 12 267 

Lignite 4 271 

Clay , 27 298 

Sand 4 302 

Clay 4 306 

Sand : 6 312 

Clay 5 317 

Pyrites rock 1 318 

Sand 3 321 

Clay 7 330 

Lignite 2 332 

Clay 15 347 

Sand 43 390 

Water rises within 40 feet of surface. 

Record of well in sec. 11, T. 9, R. 8 E., LeaTce County. 
[Authority, unpublished notes of E. A. Smith, assistant geologist of Mississippi, 1871.] 

Thickness Depth 
(feet). (feet). 

Red clay, with a little sand 6 6 

Variegated clays, containing shells 10 16 

Light-colored, fossiliferous rock which effervesces with hydrochloric acid 1 17 

Variegated clays, as above 9 26 

Yellow sand to water : 26 52 



SELECTED WELL RECORDS. 67 

Record of well at MooresviUe, Lee County. 

Thickness Depth 

(feet). (feet). 

Selma chalk 155 155 

Eutaw sands, sourco of wat(>r 20 175 . 

205a. Record of BricTc and Tile Company's well at Baldwyn, Lee County. 

[Authoritj-, "\V. N. Logan and W. R. Perkins.] 

Thickness Depth 

(feet) . (feet) . 

Soil, clay, and sand 40 40 

Limestone (Selma chalk) 74 II4 

Claj' and sand (Eutaw) 220 334 

Water-bearing sand 46 380 

Water rises within 5 feet of surface. 

2ii2b. Record of Mobile and Ohio Railroad well, Tupelo, Lee County. 

[Authority, M. & O. R. R. Co.] 

Thickness Depth 

(feet.) (feet). 

Sand and gravel 15 15 

Lunestonei f 200 215 

Hard rockiselma chalk I 1 216 

Soft rock J I 150 366 

Greensand, water-bearing 40 406 

Clay 30 436 

Water flows above surface. 

Record of T . B. Minyard's well, at Greenwood, Leflore County. 

[Authority, W.N. Logan and W. R. Perkins.] 

Thickness Depth 

(feet). (feet). 

Soil and clay 15 15 

Mud and silt 140 155 

Soapstone (clay) 200 355 

Greensand , with the strata of hard rock 20 375 

221a. Record of well at Minter City, Leflore County. 

[Authority, C. E. Feigler, driller.] 

Thickness Depth 

(feet) . (feet) . 

Surface soil 10 10 

Sand 100 110 

Gravel 10 120 

Sand 80 200 

Soapstone and pipe clay interbedded with sand to bottom of well 237 437 

225a. Record of railroad well at Columbus, Lowndes County. 

[Authority, W. N. Logan -and W. R. Perkins.] 

Thickness Depth 

(feet).. (feet). 

Clay, sand, and gravel 25 25 

Sandstone 300 325 

Greensand and clay 95 420 

225b. _ Record of railroad well at Artesia, Lowndes County. 

[Authority, W. N. Logan and W. R. Perkins.] 

Thickness Depth 

(feet). (feet). 

Clay -. .-.. 10 10 

Limestone (Selma chalk) 350 360 

Hard sandstone 2 362 

Soft sandstone and soapstone 175 537 

Clay and sand 60 597 

Water rises to within 18 feet of surface. 



68 UNDEUGROUND-WATEK RESOURCES OF MISSISSIPPI. 

Record of well at Canton, Madison County. 

[Authority, W. N. Logan and W. R. Perkins.] 

Thickness Depth 

(feet) . (feet) . 

Surface sand and clay 150 150 

Clay 175 325 

Water-bearing sand 30 355 

Clay 60 415 

Water-bearing sand _ 30 445 

Record of well in sec. 2, T. 7 , R. 2 E., Madison County. 

[Authority, E. W. Hilgard.] 

Thickness Depth 

(feet) . (feet) . 

Surface materials and bluish and yellowish clay marls 40 40 

Blue clay marl, poor in shells 40 80 

Blue sandy shell marl, with well-preserved shells 10 90 

Dark-colored, mostly bluish, laminated clays interstratified with layers of sand 185 275 

Hard gray sandstone j\ 

Yellow water-bearing sand 15 290 

(Here water rose to within 75 feet of surface.) 

Dark-colored sandy clay, with crystals of gypsum 85 375 

Hard gray sandstone ^\ 

Lignite, interstratified with layers of clay; above it a stream of water rising to within 375 

45 feet of surface (as far as penetrated) 40 415 

230. Record of town well at Holly Springs, Marshall County. 

[Authority, W. N. Logan and W. R. Perkins.] 

Thickness Depth 

(feet), (feet). 

Reddish clay (Columbia) 20 20 

Red sand (Lafayette) 87 107 

Sand rock. 1 108 

Clay 52 160 

Hard sandstone J 160J 

Clay and sandstone 139J 300 

Fine sand, water bearing 40 340 

Pipe clay 13 353 

Coarse sand 4 357 

Sticky clay 43 400 

General section of wells in river bottom near Aberdeen, Monroe County. 

[Authority, W. N. Logan and W. R. Perkins.] 

Thickness Depth 

(feet), (feet). 

Surface soil and loam 15 15 

Sandstone 200 215 

Sand and first water. . . .«■ 35 250 

Clay and lignite 100 350 

Sand and water 30 380 

232a. Record of well at Amory, Monroe County. 

[Authority, A. F. Crider; section obtained from old well driller.] 

Thickness Depth 

(feet) . (feet) . 

Lafayette sand 12 12 

Lafayette gravel 6 18 

Gray sand, water bearing 1 19 

' ' Soapstone," or joint clay, with thin layers of shelly sandstone. The clay caved when 

drilling well and had to be cased 115 134 

More compact clay, which required no casing in drilling 65 199 

Sand, sourceof water. 

Water was obtained in sand below the compact clay. It flows at rate of 20 to 25 gallons per minute 
from a 2|-inch pipe. The water is highly impregnated with iron oxide. The pipe and gutter which 

carry the water from the well are covered with a thick coating of iron oxide. The same driller reports 
that a second stream of water is present here at a depth of from 240 to 250 feet. 



113 300 



SELECTED WELL RECORDS. 69 

Well at Gattman, Monroe County. 

[Authority, W. F. Riley, owner.] 

Thickness Depth 

(feet), (feet). 

Sandy yellow clay 18 18 

Fine sand (quicksand) 05 83 

Gravel and sand 4 87 

Yellow sand 

Gray sand ^ 

Blue clay 

Deep-red clay 

Lignitic clay 

Sand 

Hard grayish sand rock 2 302 

Fine sand or opening from which water rose to surface, furnishing about 2 gallons per 

minute 6 308 

Small, round gravel, about the size of large shot 3 311 

Hard gray sandstone (hard as millstone), becoming softer and darker in color below. 

Water rose to surface from this soft sandstone 312 G23 

Water flows above surface at the rate of 15 gallons per minute, is full of gas bubbles, and has a taste 
of borax and soda. 

235. Record of well at Winona, Montgomery County. 

[Authority, Robert A. Allison.] 

Thickness Depth 

(feet). (feet). 

Soil and clay 25 25 

Orange-colored sand 10 35 

Blue marl 40 75 

Lignite 5 80 

Quicksand 15 95 

Black clay 50 145 

Coarse sand, containing fair supply of water 10 155 

Lignite 10 165 

Blue marl 35 200 

Fine sand 15 215 

Clay 10 225 

Quicksand 60 285 

Clay 40 325 

Fine sand, coarse on top 25 350 

Brown clay. . .- 35 385 

Coarse sand, gravels on top 27 412 

Water is obtained in the lowest layer of coarse sand and gravel at a depth of 395 feet. About 25 or 
30 wagonloads of sand were pumped from the well during the first three or four days. After that the 
sand ceased to rise, and the well now furnishes an abundant supply of water, which is not perceptibly 

lowered with an air-lift pump. Water is clear and free from minerals, and is reported to have a 
temperature of 65° F. 

244l>. Record of railroad well at BrooTcville, Noxubee County. 

[Authority, W. N. Logan and W. R. Perkins.] 

Thickness Depth 

(feet). (feet). 

Clay S 8 

Limestone (Selma chalk) 450 458 

Hard sand 4 462 

Soft sand 150 612 

Greensand and water 45 657 

The water rises within 60 feet of surface. 

245. Record of well at Cliftonville, Noxubee County. 

[Authority, J. B. Cunningham, driller.] 

Thickness Depth 

(feet). (feet). 

Selma chalk 300 300 

Greensand 20 320 

White sand 20 340 

Greensand 10 350 

White sand 40 390 

Ferruginous sandstone 1 391 

Dark greensand. source of water 60 451 



70 UNDERGEOUND-WATEE EESOUECES OF MISSISSIPPI. 

246. Record of well at Ravine, Noxubee County. 

[Authority, J. B. Cunningham, driller.] 

Thickness Depth 

(feet). (feet). 

Selma chalk 250 250 

Greenish-colored sand (Eutaw) 475 725 

249. Record of Mobile and Ohio Railroad well, Macon, Noxubee County. 

[Authority, W. N. Logan and W. R. Perkins.] 

Thickness Depth 

(feet) . (feet) . 

Clay 8 8 

Limestone (Selma chalk) 600 608 

Hard sandstone : 3 611 

Soft sandstone 65 676 

Greensand and water 40 716 

Soapstone 53 769 

251. Record of ShvqualaJc well, Noxubee County. 

[Authority, W. N. Logan and W. R. Perkins.] 

Thickness Depth 

(feet). (feet). 

Clay 10 10 

Limestone (Selma chalk) 750 760 

Sandstone 100 860 

Greensand and water 50 910 

Water rises within 10 feet of surface. 

254. Record of well at StarTcville, OTctibbeha County. 

[Authority, Bulletin of the Mississippi Agricultural and Mechanical College, vol. 1, No. 2, page 10.] 

Thicknes Depth 

(feet). (feet). 

Surface soil ., _ 14 14 

Selma chalk 749 763 

Shell rock 4 767 

Clay (sandy) 24J 791^ 

Shell rock 7 879i 

Sand (micaceous) 56 854J 

Clay - 10 864i 

Sand 35J 900 

Water rises within 150 feet of the surface. 

255. Record of town well at Batesville, Panola County. 

[Authority, W. N. Logan and W. R. Perkins.] 

Thickness Depth 

(feet). (feet). 

Surface 10 10 

White sand 25 35 

Blue clay 10 45 

Clay and sand 215 260 

Rock 2 262 

Water-bearing sand 40 302 

Water rises 20 feet above the surface; flows 50 gallons per minute. 

25T. Record of well at Barbara, Perry County. 

[Authority, A. J. Thomas, owner.] 

Thickness Depth 

(feet). (feet). 

Red surface clay 40 40 

Coarse sand and sandstone 2 42 

Blue pipe clay 7 49 

Yellow sand 13 62 

White sand and sandstone 10 72 



SELECTED WELL RECORDS. 71 

General section of wells at Hattiesburg, Perry County. 

[Authority, W. N. Logan and W. R. Perkins.] 

Thickness Depth 

(feet). (feet). 

Pinkish clay 100 100 

Water and sand 30 130 

Greenish clay 150 280 

Water-bearing sand and gravel 20 300 

There are about 25 wells in the town flowing from 5 to 50 gallons per minute. 

25§. Record ofivell at Brown, Perry County. 

[Authority, A. G. Brown, owner.] 

Thickness Depth 

(feet). (feet). 

Red clay 20 20 

Variegated sand, of white, red, and yellow color, with occasional thin layers of " rock "... 23 43 

Water obtained at 38 feet. 

267. . Record of well at Ecru, Pontotoc County. 

[Authority, Albert Goldsbury, driller.] 

Thickness Depth 

(feet). (feet). 

Red clay and loam 23 23 

Blue clay 27 50 

Hard limestone .• 4 54 

Reddish muddy sand 5 59 

Shell marl 1 60 

Sand : 3 | 63 

Reddish sand, water-bearing 10 73 

Gray clay to bottom of well 20 ^ / 93 

Diameter of well, 6 inches. Water barely flows over surface, and is raised to tank by steam pump. 
It is clear, and is used in locomotive boilers. 

278. Record of L. Maries's well at Riverside, Quitman County. 

[Authority, W. N. Logan and W. R. Perkins.] 

Thickness Depth 

(feet) . (feet) . 

Blue mud 40 40 

Mud and water-bearing sand 45 85 

Water-bearing sand and gravel 50 135 

Sand and gravel 40 175 

Soapstone (clay) 220 395 

Rock 1 395| 

Soapstone (clay) 50 445^ 

Rock I 446 

Greensand 10 456 

Lignite 1 457 

Soapstone (clay) and water-bearing sand 179 636 

Record of town well at Forest, Scott County. 

[Authority W. N. Logan and W. R. Perkins.] 

Thickness Depth 

(feet) . (feet) . 

Mud and gumbo 60 60 

Black mud '. . 15 75 

Grayish sandy clay 25 100 

Gray sand and iron pebbles 50 1 50 

Lime rock 40 190 

Saady rock 5 195 

Dark-gray hard rock 22 217 

Water-bearing sand 2 • 219 

Water rises within 90 feet of surface. 



72 UNDERGROUND- WATER RESOURCES OF MISSISSIPPI. 

Record of well in sec. 8, T. 10, R. 7 W., Sharkey County. 
[Authority, unpublished notes of E. A Smith, assistant geologist of Mississippi, 1870.] 

Thickness Depth 

(feet), (feet). 

Sandy loam 1 ^^ ^q 

Dark, sticky clay j 

Buckshot clay 10 30 

Fine, sticky, sandy clay, containing water 30 

281. Record of well at Taylorsville, Smith County. 

[Authority, W. N. Logan and W. R. Perkins.! 

Thickness Depth 

(feet). (feet). 

Grayish-brown clay 100 100 

Blue clay 200 300 

Sand, gravel, and water 15 315 

Brownish clay 85 400 

Hard rock 23 423 

Sand 3 426 

Brownish clay 704 1, 130 

Brown sand, very fine 5 1, 135 

Water flows 10 gallons per minute. 

2§3. Record of well at Dockery, Sunflower County. 

[Authority, Will Dockery, owner.] 

Thickness Depth 

(feet). (feet). 

White sand 60 60 

Gravel and sand 115 175 

Quicksand with strata of clay about 50 feet apart; flowing water 600 775 

Sand rock in layers 18 inches to 2 feet thick interbedded with sand 25 800 

Greensand interbedded with rock 129 929 

294. Record of well at Charleston, Tallahatchie County. 

[Authority, W. G. Harvey, owner.] 

Thickness Depth 

(feet). (feet). 

Sands, silts, and clays 200 200 

Sandstone rock 10 210 

Lignite and lignitic clays 140 350 

Quicksand 100 450 

Water rises 8 to 10 feet above the surface. Capacity, 25 gallons per minute. 

Record of town well at Charleston, Tallahatchie County. 

[Authority, W. N. Logan and W. R. Perkins.] 

Thickness Depth 

(feet). (feet). 

Clay and blue mud 50 50 

Sand 40 90 

Soapstone (clay) 100 190 

Hard white rock 2 192 

Water-bearing sand 100 292 

Soapstone (clay) 30 322 

Water-bearing sand 40 362 

Well flows 32 gallons per minute. 

301. Record of well at Staghorn, Tate County. 

[Authority, S. T. Clayton, owner.] 

Thickness Depth 

(feet). (feet). 

Surface clay 20 20 

Gravel and sand 15 35 

Red sand which changes to white sand ■> 

Pipe clay and sand, furnishing water / ^ 

Water rises but a few feet in the well. 



SELECTED WELL RECORDS. 73 

Record of well at Senatohia, Tate County. 

[Authority, W. N. Logan and W. R. Perkins.] 

Thickness Depth 

(feet). (feet). 

Chy 24 24 

Coarse gravel 15 39 

Quicksand 21 60 

Clay 4 64 

Sand 10 74 

White clay 2 76 

Sand 14 90 

Pipe clay 2 92 

Water-bearing sand 28 120 

Water stands within 40 feet of the surface. 

303. Record of well at Tunica, Tunica County. 

[Authority, W. J. Brigham.] 

Thickness Depth 

(feet). (feet). 

Alluvial sand and clay 15 15 

Fine silt, sand, and clay 75 90 

Fine white sand 250 340 

Sand and gravel with layers of lignite "j 

^J'"'^-: , 525 865 

Hard, impervious clay 

White sand containing water J 

Water is soft and flows above surface. 

305. Record of well 5 miles west of Longtown, Tunica County. 

[Authority, W. N. Logan and W. R. Perkins.] 

Thickness Depth 

(feet). (feet). 

Soil and clay 30 30 

Sand : 110 140 

Pipe clay 260 400 

Rock 1 401 

Sand 10 411 

Soapstone (clay) 60 471 

Sand and water 50 521 

Water flows 15 gallons per minute. 

306. Record of well at New Albany, Union County. 

[Authority, Ed. Baker, driller.] 

Thickness Depth 

(feet) . (feet) . 

Surface clay 20 20 

Calcareous sandstone 4 24 

Clayey sand, water bearing 15 39 

Blue sandy marl containing shells, with strata of limestone 3 to 4 feet thick at occa- 
sional intervals 165 204 

White sand, source of water 20 224 

307. Record of city well at Leland, Washington County. 

[Authority, E. F. Turner, chairman of water committee.] 

Thickness Depth 

(feet). (feet). 

Buckshot clay 2 2 

Fine sand 138 140 

Gravel 14 154 

Hard blue clay, containing six strata of sandstone rock, ranging in thickness from 6 

inches to 2 feet 298 452 

Coarse gray sand 60 512 

Analysis of the above water is reported to have given 154.1 parts per million of solid matter, 119.8 
of which were soda. 



74 UNDERGEOUND-WATER RESOURCES OF MISSISSIPPI. 

309. Record of town well at Waynesboro, Wayne County. 

[Authority, W. N. Logan and W. R. Perkins.] 

Thickness Depth 

(feet). (feet). 

Surface clay 30 30 

Sand and water 150 I8O 

Marl and clay with flint ' ' bowlders " 300 480 

Water-bearing sand 20 500 

Clay 25 525 

Water flowed above surface from 1-80 feet. 

31§. Record of well at Water Valley, Yalohusha County. 

[Authority, R. F. Kimmons, mayor.] 

Thickness Depth 
(feet) . (feet) . 

Common surface clay 12 12 

Water-bearing sand '. 15 27 

Stiff pipe clay 18 45 

Water-bearing sand 15 60 

The city of Water Valley has nine wells similar to the above, which furnish 500,000 gallons of water 
per day. Water stands within 12 feet of the surface. Six of the wells have furnished the above amount 
of water without any appreciable variation. All the wells are dug Avithin a radius of 100 feet. 

Record of well in sec. 23, T. IJ/., R. If, W ., Yazoo County. 

[Authority, unpublished notes of E. A. Smith, assistant geologist of Mississippi, 1870.] 

Thickness Depth 

(feet). (feet). 

Surface soil • 2\ 2\ 

Red clay 6 8i 

Buckshot clay . , 1 

Blue mud } ^li 30 

Water is warm and has slight mineral taste. 

SANITARY ASPECT OF WELLS. 

There is a widespread popular belief that clear, cold water coming from any kind of well 
is pure and wholesome, and until recent years the open well has been considered one of 
the most valuable adjuncts of the home or farm. In reality, however, wells of the open 
type are especially liable to pollution and may be the source of disease. On many premises 
the open well is in the lowest ground, and above it on the slopes are barns, outhouses, and 
dwellings. Such a case is illustrated in PI. VI, B. The lowest ground is chosen for the 
well because water is found there at less depth than elsewhere. The fact that the impuri- 
ties from the sources mentioned are carried both by the surface water after each rain and by 
underground seepage downward in the direction of the well is commonly lost sight of. 
Water laden with impurities may either enter the top of the well, where this is unpro- 
tected by embankments, or it may enter through the wood, brick, or stone curbing. The 
pollution of the well by seepage is especially likely to occur where the soil is porous and the 
well shallow, and, in limestone regions, where open underground channels exist. 

It is not infrequently the case that open wells are left uncovered, so that impurities car- 
ried by the winds are free to settle through the open mouth. Where covered, the top of 
the well is often but little above the ground level, and the covering is made of unjointed 
planks loosely thrown down and having large openings between them. Wooden curbs, 
which in dry weather shrink and later admit much surface water to the well, are in 
common use. Chickens and pigs tramping around the barnyard and open privies and work- 
men from the barnyard or manured fields often carry filth on their feet. The first shower 
of rain or the drippings from the well bucket may carry these poisonous germs into the well. 
There are numerous instances in Mississippi where little cesspools have been dug in the 
ground near the wells and are kept filled with water for chickens, ducks, turkeys, and pigs. 
This water becomes highly polluted and more or less of it sinks into the earth and finds its 
way directly into the well. 



U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVE 



TER-SUPPLY PAPER NO. 159 PL. VI 




A. OUTFIT FOR DRIVING TUBULAR WELLS. 
Such wells are ordinarily safe, as the shallow polluted waters are shut off. 




B. A COMMON PUT HIGHLY DANGEROUS WELL LOCATION NEAR BARNS 
AND OUTHOUSES, 

Drainage is toward well. Photograph by M. L. Fuller. 



v 



SANITARY ASPECT OF WELLS. 75 

When in health the human body is resistant to disease, and polluted waters may be used 
for years without causing sickness; if, however, the human system for any reason becomes 
weakened, disease germs, if present, may rapidly develop. Many outbreaks of typhoid 
fever, both in this country and in Europe, have been traced to polluted wells or to milk 
distributed in cans washed in the water from them. 

The well, if used for drinking water, should occupy a high point on the premises and 
should be so situated that polluted waters from any source can not run near it. If the well 
is an open one the upper part should be dome-like in shape and sealed with cement, with a 
tightly fitting top, so that no impurities of any kind can get in. 

Many who are accustomed to the open w^ell have a prejudice against drinking water from 
an iron pump. The driven, bored, and drilled wells have, however, many advantages over 
the large dug wells, some of which are as follows: 

1. There is less possibility of getting impurities into small-bore wells put down with 
machinery. 

2. There is always a possibility that rats, frogs, and other objectionable animals or matter, 
such as filth from the barnyard, will get into an open well if the cover is left off in some 
unguarded moment. The well of small diameter which has a pump in it is sealed from 
all small animals, bugs, and even dust. A few strokes of the pump will remove the water 
which has been standing in the pipe and bring up water which is fresh and uncontaminated. 

3. The well of small diameter, when properly made, shuts off all surface waters and 
objectionable seepage waters. If a good supply is found, all the objectionable waters above 
and below should be cased off, so that only the desirable supply is admitted into the pipe. 

The so-called ''streams" of water in Mississippi and the entire Gulf embayment area 
occur in horizontal sheets of sand. These water-bearing sands are usually overlain by 
layers of clay which prevent the waters irnmediately above the clay from entering the sands 
below. Where this tough clay layer is penetrated by the drill the water from above will 
flow down to the bottom of the well unless it is shut off. But when iron casing is put in, 
packing can be placed between the outside of the pipe and the clay layer, thus sealing up 
the hole made by the drill and shutting off undesirable waters. 

4. It is not possible to dig wells by hand to a very great depth, and in some instances, 
as in some localities in the Northeast Prairie and in the Yazoo Delta, it is impossible to dig 
them to the desired source of water without putting in some kind of curbing. In the 
various artesian basins over the State artesian wells are obtained only by drilling or boring. 

If water runs through a sufficient amount of pure sand it will give up a considerable part 
of its impurities. A large part of the surface of Mississippi is made up of such sand, which 
serves as a natural filter for the waters. In the more hilly sections of the State this sand 
contains such a small amount of decayed organic matter that waters even from the shallow 
wells in the Lafayette sands rarely show a trace of organic matter. The shallow wells very 
seldom have any strong undesirable minerals in their waters, so that such wells in the rural 
hilly districts of the State furnish, as a rule, excellent drinking water. 

Conditions are different in the Yazoo Delta and in the Northeast and Central prairies. 
The delta is a low, recently formed land, made up of sands and clays containing a large 
amount of decayed vegetation. The soil is very fertile and produces a vigorous growth of 
succulent plants, many of which grow up and decay in a year. Large quantities of free 
ammonia, albuminoids, nitrates, and nitrites are thus set free, part of which are carried down 
into the soil and thus come in contact with the waters, which rise within a few feet of the 
surface. 

In the Northeast and Central prairies much of the surface sand has been removed, leaving 
a limestone-clay soil, which as a rule is barren of water. 
IRE 159—06 6 



76 



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INDEX. 



* Page. 

A. 

Aberdeen, wells at 68, 76 

Ackerman, well at 76 

Adams County, description of 27 

rocks of 27, 40-41 

wells of 27 

Alabama, rocks in 21,24 

Alabama-Mississippi River section, figure 

showing 19 

Albin, well at 58-59 

Alcorn County, description of 27 

rocks in 7, 8, 20, 21 

wells in 27, 40-41, 60 

Allison, R. A., well records by 35,69 

Alluvium, character of 5 

occurrence of 13 

water value of 5 

Amite County, wells of 27 

Amory, wells at 54-55, 68, 76 

Antioch, rocks at 8 

Artesia, well at 54-55, 67, 76 

Artesian-water map of Mississippi 20 

Artesian wells. See Wells, artesian. 

Attala County, rocks in 23 

well in 27, 31, 40-41, 60 

B. 

Baker, Ed., well record by..: 73 

Baldyn, spring at 79 

well at 52-53, 67 

Barbara, well at 56-57, 70 

Barnett, wells at 28-29, 40-41 

Batesville, well at 9, 22, 36, 56-57, 70, 76 

Battlefield, rocks at 10 

Bay St. Louis, rainfall at 14 

spring at 79 

well at 26, 27, 42-45, 62 

Belen, wells at 56-57 

Belmont, well at 58-59 

Benton County, rocks in 22 

wells in 22, 27 

Big Black River, course of 3, 34 

rocks on 31 

wells on 28,34,35 

Big Sandy Creek, wells on 28 

Bigbee Valley, well at 54-55 

Biloxi, wells at 25, 26, 44-45, 76 

Biloxi-Pass Christian, wells along, section 

of 25,62 

Blessing, I. W., well record by 63 

Blue Mountain, spring at 79 

Blue Springs, rocks at 8 

BlufE formation. See Loess. 



Page. 
Bolivar County, rocks in 28 

wells in 28, 40-41, 60 

Bolton, well at 31,34,48-49 

Bond, well at 44-45 

Booneville, elevation of 2 

wells at -37 

Brandon, rocks at 11 

Brigham, W. J., well record by 73 

Brookhaven, wells at 52-55, 76 

Brookville, well at -. 54-55, 69 

Brown, well at 56-57, 71 

Brown, A. G., well record by 71 

C. 

Caledonia, springs at 79 

well at 35, 54-55 

Calhoun County, description of 28 

rocks in 22, 28 

streams of 28 

wells in 22, 28 

Canton, wells at 34, 54-55, 68, 76 

Carboniferous rocks, character of 5, 6 

occurrence of 4, 6, 38 

water value of 5, 6 

Carroll County, description of 28 

rocks in 10, 23, 28 

wells in 28, 40-41, 60 

Carrollton, wells at 28, 40-41 

Cedar Bluffs, well at 42-43, 61 

Chalk, porosity of 16 

Chamberlin, T. C, artesian conditions 18 

Charleston, wells at 58-59, 72 

Cherry Creek, elevation at 22 

Chester, wells at 40-41 

Chickasaw County, rocks in 8, 21, 28 

wells in 28, 40-41, 61 

Chickasawhay River, elevation of 4 

rocks on 11,24 

wells on 24, 30, 36, 39 

Choctaw County, rocks in 22 

wells in 28, 40-41 

Chunkey, wells at 36, 54-55 

Claiborne County, rocks in 25 

wells in 28, 40-41, 61 

Claiborne group, description of 5,9-10 

dip of 24 

occurrence of 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39 

divisions of 5 

water value of 5,10,23-24 

Clarke County, description of 28 

rocks in 10, 28-29 

wells in 23, 28-29, 40-43, 61 

Clarksdale, well at 29, 42-43, 76 

81 



Page. 

Clay, porosity of 16 

Clay County, rocks in 8,29 

wells in 29, 42-43, 61 

Clayton, S. T., well record by 72 

Clayton limestone, character of 5,8 

occurrence of 8 

water value of 5, 8 

Cleveland, wells at 40-41, 76 

Cliftonville, well at 54-55, 69, 76 

Coahoma County, wells in 29, 42-43 

Coffee sands, components of 6 

Coffeeville, well at 9, 23, 39, 58-59 

Coldwater Creek, character of 3 

Columbia, wells at 25, 34, 54-55, 76 

Columbia loam, occurrence of 32 

Columbus, wells at 34, 54-55, 67, 76 

Commerce, well at 58-59 

Cooksville, well at 54-55 

Copiah County, rocks in 12, 25, 29 

wells in , . . 29-30, 42-43 

Corinth, wells at 4, 6, 7, 27, 40-41, 60 

Covington County, wells in 30 

Crawford, well at 54-55, 76 

Cretaceous rocks, character of 5, 6-8 

occurrence of 4, 6-8, 37, 38 

water value of 5, 6-8 

Crevi, well at 58-59 

Crider, A. F., well record by 68 

work of 1 

Cruger, well at 48-49 

Cunningham, J. B., well records by 69,70 

D. 

Daniel, rocks at 11 

Darton, N. H., on Jackson well 31 

De Soto, well at 29, 40-41 

De Soto County, rocks in 12 

wells in 30 

Deer Creek, wells on 63 

Delisle, well at 31, 46-47 

Devonian rocks, character of 5, 6 

correlation of 6 

occurrence of 4, 6, 38 

water value of 5, 6 

Dixon, well at 54-55 

Dixon, A., well record by 62 

Dockery, well at 58-59, 72, 76 

Dockery, Will, well record by 72 

Doddsville, well at 58-59, 76 

Dolomite, porosity of 16 

Dumas, well at 58-59 

Durant, spring at 79 

wells at 48-49, 76 

E. 

Eagles Nest, well at 42-43 

Eastville, rocks at 10 

Ecru, elevation at 22 

well at 22, 37, 56-57, 71 

Ellisville, well at 25, 32, 50-51, 65 

Enterprise, wells at 29, 40-41, 61, 77 

Eocene rocks, character of 5 

water value of 5 

Eutaw, Ala., Eutaw formation at 7 

Eutaw formation, character of 5, 7, 20 

dip of 21 

occurrence of 7,20-21,33,35 

water value of 5, 7, 21 



Page. 

Eutaw-Tuscaloosa horizon, water value of. 20-21 
Evaporation, amount of 15 

F. 

Feigler, C. E., well records by 34,67 

Field work, scope of i 

Flatwood, rocks at 8 

Flatwoods area, location and character of. . 8 

Flora, well at 54-55 

Florida, rocks in 24 

Fontainebleau, wells at 26, 48-49 

Ford, J. L., well records by 62,64 

Forest, elevation at 3 

well at 37,56-57,71 

Forrest, well at 50-51 

Fort Andrews-Gattman section, figure 

showing 20 

Franklin County, wells in 30 

French Camp, rocks at 10 

G. 

Gattman, well at 54-55, 69 

Gattman-Fort Andrews section, figure 

showing 20 

Geography, outline of 2 

Geology, description of 4-13 

Glendora, well at 58-59, 77 

Goldsbury, Albert, well record by 71 

Graham, rocks at 8 

Grand Gulf formation, character of 5, 11-12 

dip of 25 

occurrence of 11-12, 

25,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,37,38 

section of 25 

water value of 5, 12,24-26 

Granite, porosity of 16 

Greene County, wells in 30 

Greenville, elevation of 3 

well at 77 

Greenville-West Point section, figure 

showing 19 

G reenwood, elevation of 3 

wells at 24,34,52-53,67,77 

Grenada, rocks at 9,10,35 

wells at and near 30,42-43,62,77 

Grenada County, rocks in 23 

wells in 30, 42-43, 62 

Ground-water table, topography and, rela- 
tions of 16-17 

topography and, relations of, figure 

showing 17 

Gulf Coastal Plain, artesian conditions in.. 18-19 
artesian conditions in, figure showing. . 18 

geologic conditions on 1 

water conditions on 1 

Gulfport, well at 26,46-47,77 

Guntown, wells at 52-53 

H. 

Hancock, wells at 30-31 

Hancock County, description of 30 

rocks in 11-12, 27, 30 

wells in 30-31,42-45,62 

Hansboro, wells at 46-47 

Harris, G. D., on Clayton limestone 8 

Harrison County, description of 31 

rocks in 11-12, 27, 31 

wells in 31, 44-49, 62-63 



INDEX. 



83 



Harvey, W. G., well record by 72 

Hatticsbiirg, rocks at 25 

wells at 36,56-57,71,77 

Hazlehnrst, elevation near 4 

springs at 79 

Hecla, well at 56-57 

Hennanville, wells at 40-41,61 

Hernando, well at 30 

Herrington, W. G., well record by 61 

Hickory, wells at 54-55, 77 

Hilgard, E. W., on Claiborne formation 10 

on Clayton limestone 8 

on Grand Gulf formation 11 

on Lignitic formation 9 

on Port Hudson fonnation 13 

on yellow loam 13 

well sections by 63,68 

Hinds County, rocks in 12,25,31 

wells in 31,48-49,63 

Hinze, rocks at 10 

Holly Springs, elevation near 3 

well at 54-55, 68, 77 

Holmes County, description of 31 

wells in 24, 31, 39, 48-49 

Horn Lake, elevation near 3 

Houston, rocks at 8 

Howison, well at 46-47, 63 

Hudson ville, well at 54-55 

Hurricane Creek, rocks at 10 

I. 

Indian Creek, rocks on 6 

Indianola, wells at 58-59, 77 

Iron, occurrence of 12 

Issaquena County, rocks in 32 

wells in 32, 63 

Itawamba County, rocks in 6, 12, 20, 32 

wells in 32 

Ittabena, well at 52-53, 77 

luka, elevation of 2 

luka Springs, character of 38 

J. 

Jackson, rocks near 11 

wells at 24,31,32,48-49,63,77 

Jackson County, description of 32 

rocks in 11-12, 27, 32 

wells in 32, 48-51, 64 

Jackson formation, character of 5, 10 

occurrence of 10,28,31,32,36,37 

views of 10 

water value of 5, 10-11 

Jackson prairies, Jackson formation on 3, 10 

topography of 3 

Jasper County, wells in 32 

Jefferson County, wells in 32 

Johnson, L. C, on Jackson well 32 

on Pascagoula formation 11, 24 

work of 1 

Jones County, rocks in 32 

wells in 32, 50-51, 65 

lonestown, well at 42-43 

K. 

Kemper County, rocks in 8,22,32 

wells in 32, 50-51 



Page. 

Kimmons, R. F., well record by 74 

Kindle and Schuchert, correlation by 6 

Kosciusko, rainfall at 14 

well at 27, 40-41, 60 

Kossuth, rocks near 8 

L. 

La Grange group. See "Wilcox formation. 

Ladd, — — , on Noxubee County well 36 

Lafayette County, rocks in 12, 22 

wells in 32-33, 50-51, 65 

Lafayette formation, character of 5, 12 

dip of 27 

occurrence of 12, 22, 

23, 26, 27, 28, .30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 39 

water value of 5, 12, 26-27, 75 

Lamar County, wells of 33, 50-51, 65 

See also Marion County. 

Lambert, wells at 56-57 

Lauderdale, wells at 33, 50-51 

Lauderdale County, description of 33 

rocks in 22, 23, 33 

wells in 23, 33, 50-53, 66 

Laurel, well at 25, 32, 50-51 

Lawrence County, rocks in 33 

wells in 33, 52-53 

Leaf River, elevation of 4 

wells on 36 

Leake County, rocks in 10, 23, 33 

wells in 33, 66 

Lee County, rocks in 8, 33 

wells in 33, 52-53, 67 

Leflore, well at 77 

Leflore County, description of 34 

rocks in 34 

wells in 24, 34, 52-53, 67 

Leland, elevation of 3 

section at 39 

well at 39,58-59,73,77 

Lexington, wells at 48-49, 77 

Lignitic formation. See Wilcox formation. 

Limestone, porosity of 16 

Lincoln County, rocks in 12, 34 

wells in 34, 52-55 

Lisbon formation, character of 5, 10 

occurrence of 10, 28-29, 36, 39 

water value of 5, 10 

Loam, yellow, character of 5, 13 

occurrence of 13 

water value of 5 

Loess, character of 5,13 

occurrence of 13, 27, 31 

water value of: 5 

Logan, W. N., well records by 60, 

61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74 

Logtown, well at 24, 44-45 

Longbeach, well at 1 26, 46-47 

Long-leaf-pine hills, topography of 3-4 

Longtown, well at 56-57, 58-59, 73 

Louisville, elevation at 3 

well at 58-59 

Lowndes County, rocks in 7, 8, 20, 34 

wells in 34, 54-55, 67 

Lumberton, well at 50-51, 65 

Lyman, well at 46-47 

Lyon, weUat 29,42-43,77 



84 



INDEX. 



Page. 
M. 

Maben, rocks near 8-9 

Macon, elevation of 2 

rocks near 8 

wells at and near 36, 54-57, 70, 77 

McLauren, wells at 56-57 

Madison County, wells in 34, 54-55, 68 

Mammoth Springs, springs at 79 

Map, artesian, of Mississippi 20 

Map, geologic and contour, of Mississippi . . 4 

Marion County, wells in 34, 54-55 

Marksville, well at 77 

Marshall County, rocks in 12, 35 

wells in 35, 54-55, 68 

Meehan Junction, well at 33, 50-51 

Memphis, Tenn., well at 9 

Meridian, rocks at 9 

spring at 79 

well at 33, 50-53, 66 

Middleton, Tenn., rocks at and near 8 

Midway group, description of 8-9 

divisions of 5 

water value of 5, 8-9 

occurrence of 38 

Minter City, wells at 34, 52-53, 67 

Miocene rocks, character of 5 

water value of 5 

Mississippi City, well at 26, 46-47 

Mississippi River, rocks on 12 

Mississippi River-Alabama section, figure 

showing 19 

Mississippian rocks, character of 6 

occurrence of 6 

water value of 6 

Mobile and Ohio River Company, well rec- 
ord by 67 

Monroe County, rocks in 7, 8, 20, 35 

wells in 35, 54-55, 68-69 

Monterey, rocks at 11 

Montgomery County, rocks in 35 

wells in 35, 54-55, 69 

Mooresville, well at 67 

Moorhead, well at •. 38, 58-59, 77 

Moss Point, wells at and near. . . 26, 32, 48-49, 64, 77 
Muldon, well at 54-55 

N. 

Natchez, wells at 27, 40-41 

Neshoba County, rocks in 23, 35 

wells in 35, 54-55 

Nettleton, well at 52-53 

New Albany, elevation at 22 

wells at 22, 38, 58-59, 73 

New Scotland beds, correlation of 6 

Newton County, rocks in 36 

wells in 23, 24, 36, 54-55 

Nicholson, well at 44-45 

North-central plateau, topography of 2-3 

Northeast Prairie, topography of 2 

wells on 75 

Noxubee County, rocks in 8 

wells in 36, 54-57, 69-70 

Nugent, well at 46-47 

O. 

Oaknoxubee River, wells on 36 

Ocean Springs, well at 26, 50-51, 64, 77 



Page 

Okatibbee Creek, well on 33 

Okolono, well at 28, 40-41, 61 

Oktibbeha County, rocks in 8, 9, 36 

wells in 36, 56-57, 70 

Oligocene rocks, character of 5 

water value of 5 

Olive Branch, elevation of 3 

Orange sand, name of 4 

See also Lafayette formation. 

O'Reilly, well at 40-41 

Osborn, well at. 56-57 

Oxford, rocks near 36 

wells at 23, 50-51, 65 

P. 
Panola County, rocks in 12, 36 

wells in 36, 56-57, 70 

Pascagoula formation, character of 5, 11 

occurrence of 11,24,31,32 

water value of 5,11,24 

Pascagoula River, elevation of 4 

rocks on 11,24 

Pass Christian, wells at 26, 31, 46-49, 77 

Pass Christian-Biloxi, wells along, section 

of 25, 62 

Paulding, wells at 32 

Pearl River, course of 3,33,34 

wells on 33, 34, 38 

Pearl River County, wells in 36 

Percolation, amount of 15 

depth of 15 

rate of • I6 

Perkins, W. R., well records by 60, 

61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74 

Perry County, wells in 36, 56-57, 70-71 

Philadelphia, rocks near 9, 10 

Picayune, well at 44-45 

Pickens, well at 31, 48-49 

Pike County, rocks in 36 

springs in 36 

Pine Ridge, well at 40-41 

Plantersville, wells at 33, 52-53 

Plattsburg, rocks at 10 

Pollution of wells. See Wells, pollution of. 
Pontotoc, elevation at 22 

wells at 22,37 

Pontotoc County, rocks in 8, 21, 37 

wells in 37, 56-57, 71 

Pontotoc divide, elevation of 3 

Porosity, amount of 16 

Port Hudson, rocks at 13 

Port Hudson formation, character of 5, 13 

occurrence of 13, 32, 36, 37 

water value of 5, 13 

Porters Creek clay, character of , . . 5, 8 

occurrence of 8-9, 22, 28, 36 

water value of 5,9 

Prentiss County, rocks in 6, 7, 8, 20 

wells in 37 

Pumps, views of 16 

Q. 

Quaternary rocks, character of 5, 13 

occurrence of 13 

water value of 5, 13- 

Quitman, springs at 79 

wells at 29,40-43,77 



INDEX. 



85 



Quitman County, rocks in. 

secton in 

wells in 



Page. 

37 

37 

37,56-57,71 



R. 



12,25 



Rainfall, amount of 

disposal of 

map showing 

Raleigh, rocks at 

Rankin Count}', rocks in 

springs in 

wells in 

Ravine, wells at 54- 

Raymond, rocks at and near 11, 

spring at 

Red Bluff, wen at 

Riley, W. F., well record by 

Ripley, elevation of 

rocks near 

Ripley formation, character of 

dip of 

occurrence of 8,21,27, 

water value of 5, 

Rivers. See Streams. 

Riverside, section at 

wells at 37, 56-57; 

Robinson Springs, springs at 

Rose farm, well at 

Rotten limestone. See Selma chalk. 

Ruleville, wells at 58 

Run-off, amount of 

Rusk, wells at 

S. 

Safford, J. M., on La Grange group 

St. Stevens formation, divisions of 

Sand, filtration by 

porosity of 

Sandstone, porosity of 

Sanitation, wells and, relations of 

Sardis, well at 

Sartartia, well at 

Saucier, well at 

Schuchert and Kindle, correlation by 

Scooba, rocks at and near 8 

Scott County, description of 

rocks of 

wells of 37,56- 

Scranton, well at 26, 50-51, 

Scranton-Tennessee River section, figure 

showing 

Selma chalk, character of. 

occurrence of 7-8,20-21,29,32,33,34, 

outcrop of, view of 

water value of 

Selma prairie, w^eils on 

Senatobia, well at 

Shannon, well at. 

Sharkey County, wells of 

Sharkey Landing, well at 

Sherman, well at 

Ship Island, well at 48- 

Shooner River, wells on 22, 28, 

Shubuta, wells at 29, 42-43, 

Shuqualak, rocks near 

well at 56- 



14-15 
15 
14 
11 
37 
37 
37 

55, 70 

12,25 
79 

58-59 



2,22 

8 

5,8 

22 

37,38 

21-22 

37 

71,77 
79 
24 

-59,78 

15 

52-53 



10 

75 

16 

16 

74-75 

78 

58-59 

48-49 

6 

i,9,78 

37 

37 

57,71 

64,78 

20 

5,7 

35,36 

6 

5 

21,36 

73,78 

52-53 

37,72 

58-59 

56-57 

■49, 63 

37,39 

61,78 

8,9 

-57,70 



Page. 

Siding, wells at 33, 52-53 

Silver Creek, wells on 52-53, 63 

Simpson County, rocks in 12, 25, 37 

wells of 37 

Slichter, C. S., figure by 17 

Smith, E. A., on Pascagoula formation 11 

on Wilcox formation 9 

well records by 60, 63, 66, 72, 74 

Smith County, rocks of 38 

wells of 38, 56-57, 72 

Smiths, well at 63 

Springs (P. O.), springs at 79 

Springs, water of, analyses of 79 

Staghorn, well at 58-59, 72 

Star, rocks at 12,25 

Starkville, rocks near 8 

wells at 21, 36, 56-57, 70, 76, 78 

Sterling, rocks at 10 

Stonewall, wells at 42-43 

Stratigraphy, description of 4-5 

Streams, deposition by 3 

elevations along 3 

Sumner, well at .■ 56-57,58-59 

Sunflower, well at 58-59, 78 

Sunflower County, rocks in 38 

wells in 24, 38, 58-59, 72 

Sunflower River, character of 3 

Sutter, L., on water horizons 25 

Swanlake, well at 58-59 



Tallahatchie County, description of 

rocks of 

wells of 38, 58-59, 

Tallahatchie River, character of 

deposition on 

flowing wells along 22, 

location of 

rocks on 

Tallahatta buhrstone, character of 5,9- 

occur rence of 10, 28-29, 31, 33, 34, 35, 

outcrop of, view of 

water value of 5, 

Tate County, rocks in 12, 

wells in 38, 58-59, 72- 

Taylorsville, well at 25, 38, 56-57, 72, 

Tchula, wells at 31, 38-39, 48-49, 

Tennessee River hills, topography 

Tennessee River, Scranton section, figure 

showing 

Tertiary rocks, character of 5,8- 

occurrence of 4,8-13, 

water value of 5,8- 

Thomas, A. J., well record by 

Timber, supply of 

Tippah County, rocks in 8, 21, 

wells in 22, 38, 58- 

Tippah Creek, wells on 22, 27, 

Tishomingo County, rocks in 6, 7, 12, 20, 

wells in 

Tombigbee River, basin of, rainfall and run- 
off in 

valley of, elevation of 

topography of 

wells on 32, 35, 



38 



86 



INDEX. 



Page. 
Topography, ground water and, relations of 16-17 
ground water and, relations of, figure 

showing 17 

outline of 2-4 

Troy, rocks at 8 

Tunica, well at 58-59,73,78 

Tunica County, wells in 38, 58-59, 73 

Tupelo, wells at 33, 52-53, 67, 78 

Turner, E. F., well record by 73 

Tuscaloosa formation, character of 5, 6-7, 20 

dip of 21 

occurrence of 6-7, 20-21, 32, 35 

water value of 5,7,21 

Tuscaloosa-Eutaw horizon, water value of. 20-21 
Tutwiler, well at 78 

U. 

Unconformity, occurrence of 6 

Union County, rocks in 8, 21, 38 

wells in 38, 58-59, 73 

United States, eastern, rainfall map of 14 

V. 

Vaiden, wells at 40-41 

Verona, wells at 33, 52-53 

Vicksburg, elevation of 3 

well at 38 

Vicksburg limestone, character of 5, 11 

occurrence of 11,28,31,39 

water value of 5, 11 

Vosburg, elevation at 3 

rocks at 11 

springs at 79 

W. 

Walthall, well at 58-59 

Warren County, well in 38 

Washington County, section in 39 

wells in ■ 38-39, 58-59, 73 

Water, underground, absorption of 16 

analyses of 76-79 

discussion of 14-79 

divisions of 16 

friction of 21 

horizons of 19-27 

nonwater-bearing horizons and rela- 
tions of, figures showing 19, 20 

percolation of 15-16 

quality of 75-78 

recovery of 17-19,21 

sanitary relations of 1,74-75 

source of 14-15 

supply of 1, 15, 26 

at various horizons 5 

zones of 16 

Water conditions, summary of 1,75 

Water Valley, wells at 23, 39, 58-59, 74, 78 

Waveland, well at 26, 44-45 

Wayne County, rocks m . 39 

wells in 39, 58-59, 74 

Waynesboro, rocks at 11 



Page. 

Waynesboro, wells at 39, 58-59, 74, 78 

Ways Bluff, well at 78 

Webb, well at 58-59 

Webster County, rocks in 22 

wells in 39, 58-59 

Weems, springs at 79 

Wells, dangerous location oi. view showing. 74 

drilling of 75 

drilling of, low cost of 1 

driving of, outfit for, view of 74 

pollution of 74-75 

view illustrating 74 

pumps for, view of 16 

records of 40-74 

sanitary aspects of 74-75 

table of 40-59 

types of 17 

water of, analyses of ... : 76-78 

Wells, artesian, advantages of 75 

definition of 17 

occurrence of 21 

pumps for, views of 16 

records of 40-74 

requisites for 17-1»,21 

figures showing 18 

supply for 1 

relation of rainfall and 15 

table of 40-59 

water from, analyses of 76-78 

Wesson, well at 42-43 

West, well at 31, 48-49, 78 

West Point, wells at 29, 42-43, 61, 78 

West Poiat-Greenvilje section, figure show- 
ing 19 

Wilcox, Ala., rocks at 9 

Wilcox formation, character of 5,9 

dip of 23 

occurrence of ... . 9, 22, 27, 28, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38 

water value of 5, 9, 22-23 

Wilkinson County, wells in 39 

Wilson Springs, well at 24 

Winona, rocks near 9, 10 

section at 35 

wells at. ,. 35, 54-55, 69 

Winston County, rocks in 10, 22, 39 

wells in 39, 58-50 

Wortham, well at 48-49,78 

Y. 

Yalobusha County, rocks in. .'. 12, 22, 39 

wells in.. 39,58-59,74 

Yalobusha River, location of 28, 30 

Yazoo, wells at 24, 39, 58-59, 78 

Yazoo County, wells in 39, 58-59, 74 

Yazoo Delta, topography of 3 

wells on 23, 29, 75 

Yazoo River, basin of, rainfall and run-off 

in 15 

character of 3 

Yellow Creek, rocks on 6 

Yocona River, location of 33 



CLASSIFICATION OF THE PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL 

SURVEY. 

[Water-Supply Paper No. 159.] 

The serial publications of the United States Geological Survey consist of (1) Annual 
Reports, (2) Monographs, (3) Professional Papers, (4) Bulletins, (5) Mineral 
Resources, (6) Water-Supply and Irrigation Papers, (7) Topographic Atlas of United 
States — folios and separate sheets thereof, (8) Geologic Atlas of the United States — 
folios thereof. The classes numbered 2, 7, and 8 are sold at cost of publication; the 
others are distributed free. A circular giving complete lists may be had on application. 

Most of the above publications may be obtained or consulted in the following ways: 

1. A limited number are delivered to the Director of the Survey, from whom they 
may be obtained, free of charge (except classes 2, 7, and 8), on application. 

2. A certain number are delivered to Senators and Representatives in Congress 
for distribution. 

3. Other copies are deposited with the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, 
D. C, from whom they may be had at prices slightly above cost. 

4. Copies of all Government publications are furnished to the principal public 
^ libraries in the large cities throughout the United States, where they may be con- 
sulted by those interested. 

The Professional Papers, Bulletins, and Water-Supply Papers treat of a variety of 
subjects, and the total number issued is large. They have therefore been classified 
into the following series: A, Economic geology; B, Descriptive geology; C, System- 
atic geology and paleontology; D, Petrography and mineralogy; E, Chemistry and 
physics; F, Geography; G, Miscellaneous; H, Forestry; I, Irrigation; J, Water stor- 
age; K, Pumping water; L, Quality of water; M, General hydrographic investiga- 
tions; N, Water power; O, Underground waters; P, Hydrographic progress reports. 
This paper is the ninetieth in Series B and the fifty-sixth in Series O, the complete 
lists of which follow (PP=Professional Paper; B=Bulletin; WS=Water-Supply 
Paper): 

SERIES B, DESCRIPTIVE GEOLOGY. 

B 23. Observations on the junction between the Eastern sandstone and the Keweenaw series on 

Keweenaw Point, Lake Superior, by R. D. Irving and T. C. Chamberlin. 1885. 124 pp., 

17 pis. (Out of stock.) 
B 33. Notes on geology of northern California, by J. S. Diller. 1886. 23 pp. (Out of stock.) 
B 39. The upper beaches and deltas of Glacial Lake Agassiz, by Warren Upham. 1887. 84 pp., 1 pi, 

(Out of stock.) 
B 40. Changes in river courses in Washington Territory due to glaciation, by Bailey Willis. 1887. 

10 pp., 4 pis. (Out of stock.) 
B 45. The present condition of knowledge of the geology of Texas, by R. T. Hill. 1887. 94 pp. (Out 

of stock.) 
B 53. The geology of Nantucket, by N. S. Shaler. 1889. 55 pp., 10 pis. (Out of stock.) 
B 57. A geological reconnaissance in southwestern Kansas, by Robert Hay. 1890. 49 pp., 2 pis, (Out 

of stock.) 
B 58. The glacial boundary in western Pennsylvania, Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, and Illinois, by G. F. 

Wright, with introduction by T. C. Chamberlin. 1890. 112 pp., 8 pis. (Out of stock.) 
B 67. The relations of the traps of the Newark system in the New Jersey region, by N. H. Darton. 

1890. 82 pp. (Out of stock.) 



II SERIES LIST. 

B 104. Glaciation of the Yellowstone Valley north of the Park, by W. H. Weed. 1893. 41 pp., 4 pis. 

(Out of stock.) 
B 108. A geological reconnaissance in central Washington, by I. C. Russell. 1893. 108 pp., 12 pis. 

(Out of stock.) 
B 119. A geological reconnaissance in northwest Wyoming, by G. H. Eldridge. 1894. 72 pp., 4 pis. 

(Out of stock.) 
B 137. The geology of the Fort Riley Military Reservation and vicinity, Kansas, by Robert Hay. 

1896. 35 pp., 8 pis. 
B 144. The moraines of the Missouri Coteau and their attendant deposits, by J. E. Todd. 1896. 71 

pp., 21 pis. 
B 158. The moraines of southeastern South Dakota and their attendant deposits, by J. E. Todd. 

1899. 171 pp., 27 pis. 
B 159. The geology of eastern Berkshire County, Massachusetts, by B. K. Emerson. 1899. 139 pp., 

9 pis. 
B 165. Contributions to the geology of Maine, by H. S. Williams and H. E. Gregory. 1900. 212 pp., 

14 pis. 
WS 70. Geology and water resources of the Patrick and Goshen Hole quadrangles in eastern 

Wyoming and western Nebraska, by G. I. Adams. 1902. 50 pp., 11 pis. 
B 199. Geology and water resources of the Snake River Plains of Idaho, by I. C. Russell. 1902. 192 

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PP 1. Preliminary report on the Ketchikan mining district, Alaska, with an introductory sketch of 

the geology of southeastern Alaska, by A. H. Brooks. 1902. 120 pp., 2 pis. 
PP 2. Reconnaissance of the northwestern portion of Seward Peninsula, Alaska, by A. J. Collier. 

1902. 70 pp., 11 pis. 
PP 3. Geology and petrography of Crater Lake National Park, by J. S. Diller and H. B. Patton. 

1902. 167 pp., 19 pis. 
PP 10. Reconnaissance from Fort Hamlin to Kotzebue Sound, Alaska, by way of Dall, Kanuti, Allen^ 

and Kowak rivers, by W. C. Mendenhall. 1902. 68 pp., 10 pis. 
PP 11. Clays of the United States east of the Mississippi River, by Heinrich Ries. 1903. 298 pp., 9 pis. 
PP 12. Geology of the Globe copper district, Arizona, by F. L. Ransome. 1903. 168 pp., 27 pis. 
PP 13. Drainage modifications in southeastern Ohio and adjacent parts of West Virginia and Ken- 
tucky, by W. G. Tight. 1903. Ill pp., 17 pis. 
B 208. Descriptive geology of Nevada south of the fortieth parallel and adjacent portions of Cali- 
fornia, by J. E. Spurr. 1903. 229 pp., 8 pis. 
B 209. Geology of Ascutney Mountain, Vermont, by R. A. Daly. 1903. 122 pp., 7 pis. 
WS 78. Preliminary report on artesian basins in southwestern Idaho and southeastern Oregon, by 

I. C. Russell. 1903. 51 pp., 2 pis. 
PP 15. Mineral resources of the Mount Wrangell district, Alaska, by W. C. Mendenhall and F. C. 

Schrader. 1903. 71pp., 10 pis. 
PP 17. Preliminary report on the geology and water resources of Nebraska west of the one hundred 

and third meridian, by N. H. Darton. 1903. 69 pp., 43 pis. 
B 217. Notes on the geology of southwestern Idaho and southeastern Oregon, by I. C. Russell. 1903. 

83 pp., 18 pis. (Out of stock.) 
B 219. The ore deposits of Tonopah, Nevada (preliminary report), by J. E. Spurr. 1903. 31 pp., 1 pi. 

(Out of stock.) 
PP 20. A reconnaissance in northern Alaska in 1901, by F. C. Schrader. 1904. 139 pp., 16 pis. 
PP 21. The geology and ore deposits of the Bisbee quadrangle, Arizona, by F. L. Ransome. 1904. 

168 pp., 29 pis. 
WS 90. Geology and water resources of part of the lower James River Valley, South Dakota, by J. E. 

Todd and C. M. Hall. 1904. 47 pp., 23 pis. 
PP 25. The copper deposits of the Encampment district, Wyoming, by A. C. Spencer. 1904. 107 pp., 

2 pis. 
PP 26. Economic resources of northern Black Hills, by J. D. Irving, with chapters by S. F. Emmons 

and T. A. Jaggar, jr. 1904. 222 pp., 20 pis. 
PP 27. Geological reconnaissance across the Bitterroot Range and the Clearwater Mountains in Mon- 
tana and Idaho, by Waldemar Lindgren. 1904. 122 pp., 15 pis. 
PP 31. Preliminary report on the geology of the Arbuckle and Wichita mountains in Indian Territory 

and Oklahoma, by J. A. Taff, with an appendix on reported ore deposits in the Wichita 

Mountains, by H. F. Bain. 1904. 97 pp., 8 pis. 
B 235. A geological reconnaissance across the Cascade Range near the forty-ninth parallel, by G. O. 

Smith and F. C. Calkins. 1904. 103 pp., 4 pis. 
B 236. The Porcupine placer district, Alaska, by C. W. Wright. 1904. 35 pp., 10 pis. 
B 237. Igneous rocks of the High wood Mountains, Montana, by L. V. Pirsson. 1904. 208 pp., 7 pis. 
B 238. Economic geology of the lola quadrangle, Kansas, by G. I. Adams, Erasmus Haworth, and 

W. R. Crane. 1904. 83 pp., 1 pi. 
PP 32. Geology and underground water resources of the central Great Plains, by N. H. Darton. 1905, 

433 pp., 72 pis. 



SERIES LIST. Ill 

WSllO. Contributions to hydrologj^ of eastern United States, 1904; M. G. Fuller, geologist in charge. 

1905. 211 pp., 5 pis. 
B 242. Geology of the Hudson Valley between the Hoosic and the Kinderhook, by T. Nelson Dale. 

1904. G3 pp., 3 pis. 

PP 34. The Delavan lobe of the Lake Michigan glacier of the Wisconsin stage of glaciation and 

associated phenomena, by W. C. Alden. 1904. 106 pp., 15 pis. 
PP 35. Geology of the Perry Basin in southeastern Maine, by G. O. Smith and David White. 1905. 

107 pp., 6 pis. 
B 243. Cement materials and industry of the United States, by E. C. Eckel. 1905. 395 pp., 15 pis. 
B 246. Zinc and lead deposits of northwestern Illinois, by H. F. Bain. 1904. 56 pp., 5 pis. 
B 247. The Fairhaven gold placers of Seward Peninsula, Alaska, by F. H. Moffit. 1905. 85 pp., 14 pis. 
B 249. Limestones of southwestern Pennsylvania, by F. G. Clapp. 1905. 52 pp., 7 pis. 
B 250. The petroleum fields of the Pacific coast of Alaska, Avith an account of the Bering River coal 

deposit, by G. C. Martin. 1905. 64 pp., 7 pis. 
B 241. The gold placers of the Fortymile, Birch Creek, and Fairbanks regions, Alaska, by L. M. 

Prindle. 1905. 89 pp., 16 pis. 
WS 118. Geology and water resources of a portion of east-central Washington, by F. C. Calkins. 1905. 

96 pp., 4 pis. 
B 252. Preliminary report on the geology and water resources of central Oregon, by L C. Russell. 

1905. 138 pp., 24 pis. 

PP 36. The lead, zinc, and fluorspar deposits of western Kentucky, by E. 0. Ulrich and W. S. Tangier 

Smith. 1905. 218 pp., 15 pis. 
PP 38. Economic geology of the Bingham mining district, of Utah, by J. M. Boutwell, with a chapter 

on areal geology, by Arthur Keith, and an introduction on general geology, by S. F. Emmons. 

1905. 413 pp., 49 pis. 
PP 41. The geology of the central Copper River region, Alaska, by W. C. Mendenhall. 1905. 133 pp., 

20 pis. 
B 254. Report of progress in the geological resurvey of the Cripple Creek district, Colorado, by 

Waldemar Lindgren and F. L. Ransome. 1904. 36 pp. 
B 255. The fluorspar deposits of southern Illinois, by H. Foster Bain. 1905. 75 pp., 6 pis. 
B 256. Mineral resources of the Elders Ridge quadrangle, Pennsylvania, by R. W. Stone. 1905. 

86 pp., 12 pis. 
B 257. Geology and paleontology of the Judith River beds, by T. W. Stanton and J. B. Hatcher, with 

a chapter on fossil plants, by F. H. Knowlton. 1905. 174 pp., 19 pis. 
PP 42. Geology of the Tonopah mining district, Nevada, by J. E. Spurr. 1905. 295 pp., 23 pis. 
WS 123. Geology and underground water conditions of the Jornada del Muerto, New Mexico, by C. R. 

Keyes. 1905. 42 pp., 9 pis. 
WS 136. Underground waters of Salt River Valley, Arizona, by W. T. Lee. 1905. 194 pp., 24 pis. 
PP 43. The copper deposits of the Clifton-Morenci district, Arizona, by Waldemar Lindgren. 1905. 

375 pp., 25 pis. 
B 265. Geology of the Boulder district, Colorado, by N. M. Fenneman. 1905. 101 pp., 5 pis. 
B 267. The copper deposits of Missouri, by H. F. Bain and E. O. Ulrich. 1905. 52 pp., 1 pi. 
PP 44. Underground water resources of Long Island, New York, by A. C. Veatch, and others. 1905. 

394 pp., 34 pis. 
WS 148. Geology and water resources of Oklahoma, by C. N. Gould. 1905. 178 pp., 22 pis. 
B 270. The configuration of the rock floor of Greater New York, by W. H. Hobbs. 1905. 96 pp., 5 pis. 
B 272. Taconic physiography, by T. N. Dale. 1905. 52 pp., 14 pis. (Out of stock.) 
PP 45. The geography and geology of Alaska, a summary of existing knowledge, by A. H. Brooks, 

with a section on climate, by Cleveland Abbe, jr., and a topographic map and description 

thereof, by R. U. Goode. 1906. 327 pp., 34 pis. 
B 273. The drumlins of southeastern Wisconsin (preliminary paper), by W. C. Alden. 1905. 46 pp. 

9 pis. 
PP 46. Geology and underground water resources of northern Louisiana and southern Arkansas, by 

A. C. Veatch. 1906. — pp., 51 pis. 
-PP 49. Geology and mineral resources of part of the Cumberland Gap coal field, Kentucky, by G. H. 

Ashley and L. C. Glenn, in cooperation with the State Geological Department of Kentucky, 

C. J. Norwood, curator. 1906. 239 pp., 40 pis. 
PP 50. The Montana lobe of the Keewatin ice sheet, by F. H. H. Calhoun. 1906. 62 pp., 7 pis. 
B 277. Mineral resources of Kenai Peninsula, Alaska: Gold fields of the Turnagain Arm region, by 

F. H. Moflfit, and the coal fields of Kachemak Bay region, by R. W. Stone. 1906. 80 pp., 18 pis. 
W^S 154. The geology and water resources of the eastern portion of the Panhandle of Texas, by C. N. 

Gould. 1906. 64 pp., 15 pis. 
B 278. Geology and coal resources of the Cape Lisburne region, Alaska, by A. J. Collier. 1906. 54 pp., 

9 pis. 
B 279. Mineral resources of the Kittanning and Rural Valley quadrangles, Pennsylvania, by Charles 

Butts. 1906. —pp., 11 pis. 
B 280, The Rampart gold placer region, Alaska, by L. M. Prindle and F. L. Hess. 1906. 54 pp., 7 pis. 



IV SEEIES LIST. 

B282. Oil fields of the Texas-Louisiana Gulf coastal plain, by N. M.Fenneman. 1906. 146pp., llpls. 

WS 157. Undergound water in the valleys of Utah Lake and Jordan River, Utah, by G. B. Richard- 
son. 1906. 81pp., 9 pis. 

PP 51. Geology of the Bighorn Mountains, by N. H. Darton. 1906. 129 pp., 47 pis. 

WS 158. Preliminary report on the geology and underground waters of the Roswell artesian area, 
New Mexico, by C. A. Fisher. 1906. 29 pp., 9 pis. 

PP 52. Geology and underground waters of the Arkansas Valley in eastern Colorado, by N. H. Dar- 
ton. 1906. 90 pp., 28 pis. 

WS 159. Summary of underground-water resources of Mississippi, by A. F. Crider and L. C. Johnson, 
1906. 86 pp., 6 pis. 

SERIES 0— UNDERGROUND WATERS. 

WS 4. A reconnaissance in southeastern Washington, by I. C. Russell. 1897. 96 pp., 7 pis. (Out of 

stock.) 
WS 6. Underground waters of southwestern Kansas, by Erasmus Haworth. 1897. 65 pp., 12 pis. 

(Out of stock.) 
WS 7. Seepage waters of northern Utah, by Samuel Fortier. 1897. 50 pp., 3 pis. (Out of stock.) 
WS 12. Underground waters of southeastern Nebraska, by N. H. Darton. 1898. 56 pp., 21 pis. (Out 

of stock.) 
WS 21. Wells of northern Indiana, by Frank Leverett. 1899. 82 pp., 2 pis. (Out of stock.) 
WS 26. Wells of southern Indiana (continuation of No. 21), by Frank Leverett. 1899, 64 pp. (Out 

of stock.) 
WS 30. Water resources of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, by A. C. Lane. 1899. 97 pp., 7 pis. 

(Out of stock.) 
WS 31. Lower Michigan mineral waters, by A. C. Lane. 1899. 97 pp., 4 pis. (Out of stock.) 
WS 34. Geologyand water resources of a portion of southeastern South Dakota, by J. E. Todd. 1900. 

34 pp., 19 pis. 
WS 53. Geology and water resources of Nez Perces County, Idaho, Pt. I, by I. C. Russell. 1901. 86 

pp., 10 pis. (Out of stock.) 
WS 54. Geology and water resources of Nez Perces County, Idaho, Pt. II, by I. C. Russell. 1901. 

87-141 pp. ( Out of stock. ) 
WS 55. Geology and water resources of a portion of Yakima County, Wash., by G. O. Smith. 1901. 

68 pp., 7 pis. (Out of stock. ) 
WS 57. Preliminary list of deep borings in the United States, Pt. I, by N. H. Darton. 1902. 60 pp. 

(Out of stock.) 
WS 59. Development and application of water in southern California, Pt. I, by J. B. Lippincott. 

1902. 95 pp., 11 pis. (Out of stock.) 
WS 60. Development and application of water in southern California, Pt. II, by J. B. Lippincott. 

1902. 96-140 pp. (Out of stock.) 
WS 61. Preliminary list of deep borings in the United States, Pt. II, by ,N. H. Darton. 1902. 67 pp. 

(Out of stock.) 
WS 67. The motions of underground waters, by C. S. Slichter. 1902. 106 pp., 8 pis. (Out of stock.) 
B 199. Geology and water resources of the Snake River Plains of Idaho, by I. C. Russell. 1902. 192 

pp., 25 pis. 
WS 77. Water resources of Molokai, Hawaiian Islands, by Waldemar Lindgren. 1903. 62 pp., 4 pis. 
WS 78. Preliminary report on artesian basins in southwestern Idaho and southeastern Oregon, by I. C. 

Russell. 1903. 53 pp., 2 pis. 
PP 17. Preliminary report on the geology and water resources of Nebraska west of the one hundred 

and third meridian, by N. H. Darton. 1903. 69 pp., 43 pis. 
WS 90. Geology and water resources of a part of the lower James River Valley, South Dakota, by J. E. 

Todd and C. M. Hall. 1904. 47 pp., 23 pis. 
WS 101. Underground waters of southern Louisiana, by G. D. Harris, with discussions of their uses for 

water supplies and for rice irrigation, by M. L. Fuller. 1904. 98 pp., 11 pis. 
WS 102. Contributions to the hydrology of eastern United States, 1903, by M. L. Fuller. 1904. 522 pp. 
WS 104. Underground waters of Gila Valley, Arizona, by W. T. Lee. 1904. 71 pp., 5 pis. 
WS 106. Water resources of the Philadelphia district, by Florence Bascom. 1904. 75 pp., 4 pis. 
WS 110. Contributions to the hydrology of eastern United States, 1904; M. L. Fuller, geologist in 

charge. 1904. 211 pp., 5 pis. 
PP 32. Geology and underground-water resources of the central Great Plains, by N. H. Darton. 1904. 

433 pp., 72 pis.. (Out of stock.) 
WS 111. Preliminary report on underground waters of Washington, by Henry Landes. 1904. 85 pp., 

IpL 
WS 112. Underflow tests in the drainage basin of Los Angeles River, by Homer Hamlin. 1904. 

55 pp., 7 pis. 
WS114. Underground waters of eastern United States; M. L. Fuller, geologist in charge. 1904. 

285 pp., 18 pis. 
WS 118. Geology and water resources of east-central Washington, by F. C. Calkins. 1905. 96 pp., 

4 pis. 



SERIES LIST. . V 

B 252. Preliminary report on the geology and water resources of eentral Oregon, hy T. C. Russell. 
1905. 138 pp., 24 pis. 

WS 120. Bibliographic review and index of papers relating to underground waters published by the 
United States Geological Survey, 1879-1904, by M. L. Fuller. 1905. 128 pp. 

WS 122. Relation of the law to underground waters, by D. W. Johnson. 1905. 55 pp. 

WS 123. Geology and underground water conditions of the Jornada del Muerto, New Mexico, by C, R. 
Keyes. 1905. 42 pp., 9 pis. 

WS 136. Underground waters of the Salt River Valley, by W. T. Lee. 1905. 194 pp., 24 pis. 

B 26t. Record of deep-well drilling for 1904, by M. L. Fuller, E. F. Lines, and A. C. Veatch. 1905. 
106 pp. 

PP 44. Underground water resources of Long Island, New York, by A. C. Veatch and others. 1905. 
394 pp., 34 pis. 

WS 137. Development of underground waters in the eastern coastal plain region of southern Cali- 
fornia, by W. C. Mendenhall. 1905. 140 pp., 7 pis. 

WS 138. Development of underground waters in the central coastal plain region of southern Cali- 
fornia, by W. C. Mendenhall. 1905. 162 pp., 5 pis. 

WS 139. Development of underground waters in the western coastal plain region of southern Cali- 
fornia, by W. C. Mendenhall. 1905. 105 pp., 7 pis. 

WS 140. Field measurements of the rate of movement of underground waters, by C. S. Slichter. 1905. 
122 pp., 15 pis. 

WS 141. Observations on the ground waters of Rio Grande Valley, by C. S. Slichter. 1905. 83 pp., 
5 pis. 

WS 142. Hydrology of San Bernardino Valley, California, by W. C. Mendenhall. 1905. 124 pp., 13 pis. 

WS 145. Contributions to the hydrology of eastern United States; M. L. Fuller, geologist in charge. 

1905. 220 pp., 6 pis. 

WS 148. Geology and water resources of Oklahoma, by C. N. Gould. 1905. 178 pp., 22 pis. 

WS 149. Preliminary list of deep borings in the United States, second edition, with additions, by 
N. H. Darton. 1905. 175 pp. 

PP 46. Geology and underground water resources of northern Louisiana and southern Arkansas, by 
A. C. Veatch. 1906. — pp., 51 pis. 

WS 153. The underflow in Arkansas Valley in western Kansas, by C. S. Slichter. 1906. CO pp., 3 pla. 

WS 154. The geology and water resources of the eastern portion of the Panhandle of Texas, by C. N. 
Gould. 1906. 61pp., 15 pis. 

WS 155. Fluctuations of the water level in wells, with special reference to Long Island, New York, 
by A. C. Veatch. 1906. 83 pp. 

WS 157. Underground water in the valleys of Utah Lake and Jordan River, Utah, by G. B. Richard- 
son. 1906. 81 pp. 

WS 158. Preliminary report on the geology and underground waters of the Roswell artesian area. 
New Mexico, by C. A. Fisher. 1906. 29 pp., 9 pis. 

PP 52. Geology and underground waters of the Arkansas A'^alley in eastern Colorado, by N. H. Dar- 
ton. 1906. 90 pp., 28 pis. 

WS 159. Summary of underground water resources of Mississippi, by A. F. Crider and L. C. Johnson. 

1906. 86 pp., 6 pis. 

The following papers also relate to this subject: Underground waters of Arkansas Valley in eastern 
Colorado, by G. K. Gilbert, in Seventeenth Annual, Pt. II; Preliminary report on artesian waters of a 
portion of the Dakotas, by N. H. Darton, in Seventeenth Annual, Pt. II; Water resources of Illinois, 
by Frank Leverett, in Seventeenth Annual, Pt. II; Water resources of Indiana and Ohio, by Frank 
Leverett, in Eighteenth Annual, Pt. IV; New developments in well boring and irrigation in eastern 
South Dakota, by N. II. Darton, in Eighteenth Annual, Pt. IV; Rock waters of Ohio, by Edward 
Orton, in Nineteenth Annual, Pt. IV; Artesian well prospects in the Atlantic coastal plain region, by 
N. H. Darton, Bulletin No. 138. 

Correspondence should be addressed to 

The Director, 

United States Geological Survey, 

Washington, D. C. 
July, 1906. 

iRR 159—06 7 



r Mr '08 



